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But people are getting more bitter

18 march……👇

➡️NAGOYA PROTOCOL (2010) Why in News • Increasing global focus on biopiracy, traditional knowledge protection, and genetic resource governance. • India actively implementing it via Biological Diversity Act, 2002. What is Nagoya Protocol? • A supplementary agreement under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). • Adopted in 2010 at Nagoya (Japan); came into force in 2014. • Objective: Ensure Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) of genetic resources. Core Principles 1. Access to Genetic Resources • Prior approval of the country (Prior Informed Consent – PIC) required. • Example: Foreign pharma company using Indian medicinal plants. 2. Benefit Sharing (ABS) • Benefits (royalty, tech transfer) must be shared fairly. • Example: Sharing profits with tribal communities. 3. Traditional Knowledge Protection • Safeguards indigenous knowledge linked to biodiversity. • Example: Use of neem, turmeric knowledge. 4. Compliance Mechanism • Countries must ensure users follow ABS rules. • Includes monitoring and legal frameworks. Key Features • Legally binding international agreement. • Covers genetic resources + associated traditional knowledge. • Introduces Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT) for benefit-sharing contracts.

➡️Garo Hills Autonomous District Council (GHADC) 👉Located in: Meghalaya Region: Garo Hills (Western Meghalaya) Established: 1952 Created under: Sixth Schedule of the Constitution 👉Constitutional Framework Article 244(2) → Special administration of tribal areas in NE India Sixth Schedule → Provides Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) Applicable states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram 👉 GHADC is one among 3 ADCs in Meghalaya: Khasi Hills ADC Jaintia Hills ADC Garo Hills ADC 👉Composition Total Members: 30 26 elected (adult suffrage) 4 nominated by Governor Tenure: 5 years 👉Territorial Jurisdiction Covers tribal areas of Garo Hills Does not include non-tribal/municipal areas (limited jurisdiction) 👉Powers & Functions 1. Legislative Powers Can make laws on: Land (excluding reserved forests) Forest (non-reserved) Shifting cultivation (Jhum) Village administration Inheritance, marriage, social customs 🔹 Laws require Governor’s assent 2. Judicial Powers Can establish village courts Handles customary law disputes among tribals Appeals go to higher courts 3. Executive Functions Implementation of development schemes Control over traditional institutions 4. Financial Powers Can levy taxes on: Land & buildings Markets & trade Entry of goods (local taxation) Receives grants-in-aid from State & Centre 👉Special Features (Very Important) Protects tribal identity, customs, and land rights Allows self-governance within Indian Union Autonomous but not sovereign

17 march ......👇