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➡️Naangarni Spardha- the traditional ploughing race, in Ratnagiri district in maharashtra.

➡️India's total installed capacity of wind energy is 51.3GW 👉 acc. to National Institute of wind energy, potential issues 1163.9GW at 150m above the ground level. 👉Concerned... 🔹impact on fauna (Birds) 🔹Wildlife institute of india estimated, Bird Mortality rates at wind farms are the highest in the world in India's Thar Desert. 👉1.24 bird deaths per turbine per month in thar. 👉Mitigation measures.. to bird collision with wind turbine 🔹painting turbine blades to increase visibility 🔹Shutting turbines down at a certain time of day or season. 🔹carefully select the site of a wind farms

➡️ Buoyancy flux = How fast and how strongly a fluid rises or sinks because it got lighter or heavier.— usually due to heating, cooling, or changes in salt. 🔹 Example: When the sun heats the ground, the air above becomes lighter and rises. The faster and stronger this rising happens, the higher the buoyancy flux. ➡️Cold Pools- Rain in the tropics often comes with large clouds and cold, dry air called cold pools. 🔹cool the ocean surface by blocking sunlight and increasing transfer of heat from the water to air. ➡️Cold rain zone- western pacific and indian oceans, where rain was associated with more heat loss. ➡️Hot rain zone- in central pacific where heat loss was less intense.

➡️8947 individuals arrested u/UAPA b/w 2018 to 2022(NCRB)

➡️Legal services institutions under legal services authorities Act, 1987, it was mandated to provide free legal aid to Nearly 80% of India's population. However, the actual reach is 15.50lakh b/w 2023- 2024 👉Nationally, one legal service clinic for every 163 villages as per india justice report, 2025. 👉Budget for legal aid comprises less than 1% of the total justice budget( provided by both centre and states) through National Legal services Authority (NALSA).

➡️Custodial Abuse.. Torture is not just bad policing. It is Structural injustice. 👉acc. To Lok Sabha reply, 687 people had died in police custody b/w 2018-19 to 2022-23. 👉Torture persist due to.. 🔹Inadequate training 🔹poor infrastructure 🔹pressure to deliver quick results 🔹weak institutional oversight. ● D.K Basu case, 1996 SC laid down detailed safeguards against Custodial torture ●K.S Puttaswamy2017, reaffirmed dignity and bodily autonomy as fundamental rights ●Law commission 273rd Report, 2017 urged parliament to enact a standalone anti torture law(no such law) 👉Why torture doesn't work? Torture impairs the brain's prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, essential for memory and clarity. They will say anything, just to end the pain. 👉Norway, far right terrorist Anders Breivik, who killed 77 people in 2011, was interrogated w/o threats or coercion. 👉What to do.. 🔹India must ratify the UN convention against torture and enact anti torture law 🔹train to the police personals 🔹declare zero tolerance for Custodial Abuse.

➡️acc. to the annual surveys of industries (ASI), The share of contract labour in the manufacturing workforce doubled from 20% in 1999-2000 to 40.7% in 2022-23

➡️NEP 2020 Called for an immediate increase in spending on education, from 4.6% of GDP to 6%

➡️International labour organisation (ILO) & UNICEF Nearly 138 Million children were ended in child labour in 2024(including 54m in hazardous work) 👉Bihar is one of the India's most active destination for trafficking. 👉acc. to NCRB, 2878 children were trafficked in 2022(including 1059girls) 👉Laws are not inadequate. 🔹Immoral Traffic prevention Act 🔹Juvenile justice 🔹POCSO 🔹Bonded labour System Abolition Act 🔹Child and Adolescent labour offences(prohibition and regulation) Act 🔹BNS. All criminalise child labour, trafficking and sexual exploitation. 👉Prevention must begin where trafficking begins.. 🔹School must monitor attendance 🔹panchayat must maintain migratory registers 🔹 Transport vigilance must be ramped up eg. RPF 👉Strategy in Prevention.. PICKET 🔹POLICY- Strong policy and clear policies. 🔹INSTITUTIONS- required for monitor, prosecute and rehabilitate 🔹CONVERGENCE- of agencies, digital infrastructure and survivor centred response 🔹Knowledge- is key where community awareness and intelligence gathering are crucial 🔹ECONOMICALLY- trafficking must be made enviable 🔹TECHNOLOGY-must be used to traffickers, build databases, generate heat maps and predict movement patterns. The longer we wait, the more we lose.

➡️Acc. to Moody's report(2024), more than 2.3 billion people are exposed to flooding every year. 👉In India more than 600million people are at risk of coastal or inland flooding. 👉India has the world largest number of slum dwellers over 158million(More than Russia's population), most of them concentrated in the naturally flooding prone delta of The Ganga river

➡️China's govt. Will offer subsidies to parents $500 per child under the age of three years per year 👉Acc. to UN it's population will decrease upto 800million by 2100.

➡️India's Domestic digital economy contributing 11.74% to its GDP(2022-23)

➡️India's internal migrants number over 450million, 37%of the total population. 👉Bihar records the highest rate of internal migration in india 36%(over20% of the working age population lives outside the state at any given point of time.

➡️OECD- Global plastic Outlook report, 2022 👉Plastic consumption is projected to more than double in Sub-Saharan Africa and Triple in Asia by 2060. 👉but grow by 15%in Europe in the same period

➡️ Beetal fungi, threatening Rubber plantation kerala(rubber capital) 👉 Fusarium ambrosia and Fusarium solani 👉India is world 6th largest producer of rubber. 👉2nd Highest interested of productivity 👉kerala produces 90% and accounts for 72% of indias rubber cultivation area.

➡️72 Children died from starvation at .... 👉Gaza city 👉Deir el-Balah 👉Khan Younis

➡️Ministry of social justice- 👉90% of sewer and septic tank workers died, have no Safety gear or PPE kits. 👉from 2022-2023, 150 people died across the country. 👉NAMASTE scheme has identified 84,902 workers across the country.a

➡️Union Budget 2025/26 announced nuclear power generation target of 100GW by 2047. 👉it will achieve two goals 🔹Vikshit Bharat by 2047 🔹Net zero emission by 2070 👉Nuclear energy mission develop 5 indigenously designed and operational Small Modular Reactor(SMR) by 2030 👉present 8.18GW 👉India's electricity generation capacity 480GW(present)(almost equal b/w fossil fuels and renewable) 👉Coal fired thermal plants accounted for 75% of energy generation. 👉By 2030, non-fossil energy generation capacity to 500GW 👉Asia's 1st nuclear research reactor APSARA, 1956 (india, mumbai) ➡️To become a developed country by 2047... 👉India's annual per capita income should be $22,000( present $2800) 👉GDP should grow from 4 trillion to 35 trillion. ➡️Correlation b/w economic growth and energy consumption (in 2022) 👉 india's per capita electricity consumption 1208kWh 👉China- 4600kWh 👉USA- 12,500kWh ➡️Indigenised PHWR has a capital cost of $2million/MW while equivalent cost for a coalition fired thermal is just under a million

👉al-Mazraa, it is a village in Sweida

➡️Critics of World Bank Data... 👉Indian inequality are based on (HCES) Data collected using modified mixed reference period(MMRP) method 👉HCES does not capture consumption by the Rich( but India is not an exception, in all countries) 👉HCES do not capture consumption by the top 5% families