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➡️Acc. To WHO, (Noise limits) Safe limits in silent zones are 50dB(A) by day and 40dB(A) by night. 👉in cities, Delhi and Bengaluru often reach 65dB(A) - 70dB(A).

How cyber crime take place

➡️Prime minister of Houthi rebel controlled government in Yemen's capital Sanna ( Beit Baws, village) killed by Israel's air strike.

➡️Sundarbans, stretching across India and Bangladesh, is the world's largest mangrove forest. 👉 receives around 3 billion microplastics particles every day through the rivers that feed into the BoB. 👉Mooringa estuary.

➡️India's automotive industry, now world's third largest by volume, Produced 31 million vehicles in FY25, exporting more than 5.3 million.

➡️Energy Sovereignty. 👉India imports crude oil & natural gas over 85% &50% respectively. 👉from Russia 35%- 40% crude oil of it's total import due to discounted rate. 👉FY 2023-24, India's import stood $677 billion, over 25% of it accounted for gal & crude oil. 🔹discount can give only temporary relief to the import bill. 🔹need diversification, not substitution, is real currency of Sovereignty. 👉Fossile fuels still meet 80% of global primary energy demand, more than 90% Transport runs on hydrocarbons. 👉Solar and wind are still under 10% 👉past volatility of global energy security. 🔹1973 oil embargo, The Arab oil embargo against the United States and allied nation's, it catalysed creation of strategic petroleum reserves. 🔹2011 Fukushima Nuclear disaster, demotivated towards nuclear power 🔹2021 Texas freeze, extreme cold froze gas pipeline. So, cost efficiency can not be prioritize over Resilience and weathere - hardened infrastructure. 🔹2022 Russia - Ukraine war, distorted Europe's reliance on Russia for energy supply. 🔹Iberian peninsula Blackout, Spain and Portugal suffered a grid collapse due to over reliance on renewable w/o sufficient backup. 👉How India can make strategy. "Transitions are not switches they are pathways" India must move towards an energy Sovereignty doctrine(domestic capacity, diversified technology and resilient system) 🔹Coal gasification and be independent, bcs India has over 150billion tonnes of Coal reserves. It also can extract syngas, methanol, hydrogen and fertilisers, bcs it has high ash content. 🔹biofuels, eugenol blending Programme reduced(E20) crude imports and transferred over 92,000 Crore to farmers. Compressed biogas(CBG) plants are generating clean fuel and producing bio-manure rich in 20-25% organic carbon.this can restore North India's degraded soils where organic carbon fallen to 0.5% ( Healthy level is 2.5%) 🔹Nuclear, in india it has remained stagnant at 8.8 GW, must revive thorium road map 🔹green hydrogen, indias target is 5million metric tonnes/year by 2030, Achieved through localised electrolyser manufacturering and development. 🔹Pumped hydro storage, essential for grid balancing. No energy strategy is sovereign if it is single-sourced.

➡️acc.to Unified District Information System for education plus(UDISE+) data released by education ministry, School enrollment in 3- 11 age group down by 25 lakh. 👉reasons 🔹except UP, Bihar and Meghalaya, all states have achieved fertility rates below replacement levels. 🔹India's total fertility rate (TFR) dropped to 1.91 per women by 2021, below the replacement level of 2.1, according to NFHS-5, 2021. 🔹change in the methodology of data collection.

➡️Sectors Worst hit BY U.S tarifs. 👉acc to Ministry of commerce and industry(2024), India exported ~ $2.4billion to U.S, making up 32.4% of total exports. 🔹 india export $10 billion worth of diamonds, gold and jewellery (40% export of this sector) 🔹Textiles and apparel exports( worst hit sector) Export $10.8 billion (35% export of this sector, 63.9% tarrif) 🔹Handicrafts, leather and shoes, furniture and bedding, and agricultural products such as basmati rice, spices, tea, pulses, and sesame. 🔹Organic chemicals, $2.7billion (13.2% of total export) 🔹Steel, aluminium, and copper 4.7billion worth, 17% total export of this sector. 🔹machinery and mechanical appliances, 20% of total exports, $6.7billion. 👉Steps taken by govt. To help these sector. 🔹Swadeshi 🔹go vocally for local 🔹diversify export destination 🔹make better use of existing free trade agreement.

➡️Graduate skills Index 2025 produced by mercer-mettle found that only 43%of Indian Graduates are deemed job ready.

➡️India’s National Designated Authority (NDA) mandatory under 2015 Paris agreement. For implementation of Article 6 Mandate: Approve Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects, certify their sustainable development benefits, and issue host country approval. 2. Paris Agreement Era (2021 Article 6 Mechanisms) The Kyoto CDM ended in 2020, and under the Paris Agreement, a new carbon market framework was created: 🔹 Article 6.2 → Cooperative Approaches Countries can trade Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) bilaterally/multilaterally. NDA ensures transparency, reporting, and avoids double counting of emission reductions. 🔹 Article 6.4 → Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM) Successor of CDM, supervised by UNFCCC Article 6.4 Supervisory Body. India’s NDA (MoEFCC) will review and approve projects before submission to UNFCCC. 3. India’s Current National Designated Authority 👉 Still under MoEFCC (21member) Chairperson → Secretary, MoEFCC Members → representatives from Ministries of Power, Finance, New & Renewable Energy, NITI Aayog, External Affairs, Agriculture, Petroleum & Natural Gas, NGOs, and industry experts. 4. Functions under Paris Agreement NDA Grant authorization for participation in Article 6 projects. Approve use/transfer of carbon credits (ITMOs) generated in India. Ensure alignment with India’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Protect domestic sustainable development priorities while engaging in global carbon markets. Example If a solar park in Gujarat generates carbon credits, the NDA will decide whether they can be sold internationally or used domestically to meet India’s NDC targets

➡️India's economic vulnerabilities through Gender angle. 👉50% tarrif of USA targeting $40billion trade, Tariff could shave off Nearly 1%GDP, impacts labour intensive sectors (textiles,gems,leather &footwear) that disproportionately employ women. "The strength of a National lies in the strength of it's women" 👉indias existing low Female labour force participation rate(FLFPR) Stuck b/w 37%-41%, far below global average. 🔹China- 60%. 👆why? - due to... 🔹Cultural constraints 🔹policy inertia 🔹systemic barriers to empowerment. 👉acc. To IMF Closing the Gender Gap could boost indias GDP by 27% in long run. 👉Takeways from world.. 🔹U.S leveraged women's labour during WW2 with equal pay and childcare. 🔹China, post 1978 reforms engage 60% FLEPR through state backed care and education 🔹Japan raised FLFPR from 63% to 70%, boosting GDP per capita by 4%. all above invested in legal protections, care Infrastructure, and skills training. Where india lags. 👉INDIA needs to do 🔹Structural reforms that empower women as economic agents. e.g karnataka's Shakti scheme, offers free public bus travel to women surged 40% ridership for work, education and Entrepreneurship. 🔹Redirect spending from broad welfare schemes to targeted Programmes such as Tax incentives for female Entrepreneurs, digital inclusion , Gender focused skilling. e.g Urban company (gig platform) onboarded 15000 women service provider with various benefits.

➡️acc. to ADR, Of the 30 CM in the country, 12 of them or 40%, facing criminal cases. 👉 10 or 33% CMs facing serious criminal cases, attempt to murder, kidnapping, bribery and intimidation. 🔹Revath reddy faces highest no of cases 89.

➡️Dal lake hosts first water game (rowing, kayaking,canoeing) under the khelo India festival.

➡️Kerala India's first fully digital literate state. 👉 removed the digital divide.

➡️ Saltwater crocodiles in sundarban report, 2025 released by forest department of west Bengal. 👉 the population of saltwater crocodiles has increased. 👉Hypercarnivorous apex predator, keep flowing water ecosystems clean by feeding on carcasses. 👉they are found in(Swamplands,rivers,mangroves) Odisha, W.Bengal, coastal areas around the Andman and Nicobar Islands.

➡️ Linktree- is a tool that lets you share multiple links through a single bio link. e.g instagram bio. Recently is has been banned by Ministry of electronics and information technology.

➡️India will develop an indigenously air defence system by 2035- PM modi

➡️ Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Origin: Native to the Amazon basin (South America). Nature: Free-floating perennial aquatic weed. Nicknames: “Terror of Bengal” (because of its spread in Indian waters). Key Features 🔹Rapid vegetative growth, doubles population in 10–15 days. 🔹Thick mat formation over water surface. 🔹Reproduces through stolons and runners. 👉Impacts 1. Ecological: Blocks sunlight → reduces oxygen → fish death. Chokes waterways and wetlands. Reduces biodiversity. 2. Economic: Hampers navigation, irrigation, hydroelectric projects. Loss of fisheries and agricultural productivity. 3. Health: Breeding ground for mosquitoes → malaria, dengue. Snail habitats → schistosomiasis risk. Control Measures Mechanical: Manual removal, weed harvesters. Biological: Weevils (Neochetina spp.), fungi, pathogens. Chemical: Herbicides (limited use, harmful to ecosystem). Utilisation: Biogas, compost, handicrafts, water treatment (absorbs heavy metals). Example (India) Common in West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Kerala ( Vembanad lake) Sir C.V. Raman - “world’s worst aquatic weed” because of its ecological menace.

➡️ Hindi is first and Bengali is the second largest language by number of speakers.