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αž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αžšαžΌαž”αž—αžΆαž–αž˜αž½αž™αž αŸ’αž“αžΉαž„αž˜αžΆαž“αž“αŸαž™αžαžΆαž˜αŸ‰αŸαž…? - background αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž–αžΈ cyber security αž“αŸ…αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžαŸ’αž“αž„αž†αŸ’αž˜αžΆ - αž αŸαžαž»αž’αŸ’αžœαžΈαž”αžΆαž“αž‡αžΆαž˜αžΆαž“αžšαžΌαž”αž†αŸ’αž˜αžΆαž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž€αžΆαŸ†αž—αŸ’
αž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αžšαžΌαž”αž—αžΆαž–αž˜αž½αž™αž αŸ’αž“αžΉαž„αž˜αžΆαž“αž“αŸαž™αžαžΆαž˜αŸ‰αŸαž…? - background αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž–αžΈ cyber security αž“αŸ…αžαžΆαž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αžαŸ’αž“αž„αž†αŸ’αž˜αžΆ - αž αŸαžαž»αž’αŸ’αžœαžΈαž”αžΆαž“αž‡αžΆαž˜αžΆαž“αžšαžΌαž”αž†αŸ’αž˜αžΆαž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž€αžΆαŸ†αž—αŸ’αž›αžΎαž„ αžŠαŸ„αž™αžŸαžΆαžš admin αž…αžΌαž›αž…αž·αžαŸ’αžαž†αŸ’αž˜αžΆ αž αžΎαž™αž€αžΆαŸ†αž—αŸ’αž›αžΎαž„αž”αžΆαž‰αŸ‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž–αžΌαž€αŸ‚αžŠαžΎαžšαž αŸαž€αž‚αŸαž“αž·αž„αž αžΎαž™αŸ” αž“αž·αž™αžΆαž™αž›αŸαž„αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ channel αž“αŸαŸ‡αž‚αžΊαž“αžΉαž„αž‡αž½αž™αž±αŸ’αž™αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαžŠαžΉαž„αž˜αž€αž”αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αž˜αž–αžΈαž€αžΆαžšαž€αžΆαžšαž–αžΆαžš αžŸαž“αŸ’αžαž·αžŸαž»αžαž•αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αž–αŸαžαŸŒαž˜αžΆαž“αžœαž·αž‘αŸ’αž™αžΆ αž€αŸαžŠαžΌαž…αž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž–αžΆαžšαž–αžΈαž αŸαž€αžƒαŸαžš αž“αžΉαž„αž™αž›αŸ‹αžŠαžΉαž„αž–αžΈαžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŠαŸ‚αž› hacker αžœαžΆαž™αž”αŸ’αžšαž αžΆαžšαž˜αž€αž›αžΎαž™αžΎαž„αž•αž„αžŠαŸ‚αžš join for more Link @Obsyntrix ____ "What does the image mean? The background represents cybersecurity, shown behind the cat. Why is there a cat holding a gun? Because the admin likes cats, and the gun symbolizes shooting down black-hat hackers. Just joking, everyone! This channel is here to help you better understand cybersecurity, how to protect yourself from hackers, and how hackers actually attack us. Join for more: @Obsyntrix"

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αž αŸαžαž»αž’αžΈαž”αžΆαž“αž™αžΎαž„αž‚αž½αžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαž€αžΆαžšαž–αžΆαžšαž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€? αž‚αžΊαžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž™αžΎαž„αž”αž“αŸ’αžαž™αž–αž“αŸ’αž›αžΊαžαŸ€αžœ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž’αŸ„αž™αž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αž“αžΏαž™ αž“αž·αž„αžšαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αžŠαž›αŸ‹αž€αžΆαžšαž‚αŸαž„αž•αž„αžŠαŸ‚αžšαŸ” αžœαžΆαž‡αž½αž™αž²αŸ’αž™αž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αžŸαŸ’αžš
αž αŸαžαž»αž’αžΈαž”αžΆαž“αž™αžΎαž„αž‚αž½αžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαž€αžΆαžšαž–αžΆαžšαž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€?
αž‚αžΊαžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž™αžΎαž„αž”αž“αŸ’αžαž™αž–αž“αŸ’αž›αžΊαžαŸ€αžœ αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž’αŸ„αž™αž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αž“αžΏαž™ αž“αž·αž„αžšαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αžŠαž›αŸ‹αž€αžΆαžšαž‚αŸαž„αž•αž„αžŠαŸ‚αžšαŸ” αžœαžΆαž‡αž½αž™αž²αŸ’αž™αž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›αž˜αžΎαž›αž’αŸαž€αŸ’αžšαž„αŸ‹αž”αžΆαž“αž™αžΌαžšαžŠαŸ„αž™αžŸαž»αžœαžαŸ’αžαž·αž—αžΆαž– αž“αž·αž„αž‡αž½αž™αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αž”αž“αŸ’αžαž™αž€αžΆαžšαž…αž»αž€αžšαŸ„αž™αž—αŸ’αž“αŸ‚αž€αž•αž„αžŠαŸ‚αžšαŸ”

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πŸ“Žαž‡αŸ†αž“αžΆαž‰αžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹αŸ—αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αžœαž·αžŸαŸαž™ Programming
1. Algorithm and Problem Solving – αž‚αž·αžαžŠαŸ„αŸ‡αžŸαŸ’αžšαžΆαž™αž”αž‰αŸ’αž αžΆαžŠαŸ„αž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž€αžΌαžŠ
2. Data Structures – αžŸαŸ’αž‚αžΆαž›αŸ‹αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈ Arrays, Lists, Trees, Hash Tables αž‡αžΆαžŠαžΎαž˜
3. Web Development – Frontend (HTML, CSS, JS) αž“αž·αž„ Backend (Node.js, PHP, Python)
4. Mobile App Development – Android (Java/Kotlin), iOS (Swift)
5. Database – αžŸαŸ’αž‚αžΆαž›αŸ‹αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈ SQL, MongoDB
6. Software Development Tools – Git, VS Code, Debugging
7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) – αžŸαŸ’αž“αžΌαž›αž“αŸƒαž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαž’αŸ†αŸ—
8. APIs & Integration – αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ API αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž—αŸ’αž‡αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‚αŸαž αž‘αŸ†αž–αŸαžš αž¬αž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ—
9. Cybersecurity Basics – αžŸαž»αžœαžαŸ’αžαž·αž—αžΆαž–αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž€αžΌαžŠ
10. Testing and Debugging – αžŸαŸ’αžœαŸ‚αž„αžšαž€ αž“αž·αž„αž‡αž½αžŸαž‡αž»αž›αž€αžΌαžŠαžαž»αžŸ

αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ‘αŸ€: Polymorphism in C++ πŸ”Ή ៑. Polymorphism αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αžœαžΈ? Polymorphism αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž‚αž“αŸ’αž›αž„αž˜αž½αž™αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ OOP αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αž“αž»αž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαžαž²αŸ’αž™αž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž—αžΆαž–αž˜αž½αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαžŸαŸ’αžšαŸαž™αž›αžΎ context αž¬αžœαžΆαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžœαžΆαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαŸ” αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ C++ αž˜αžΆαž“αž”αž½αž“αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘ polymorphism: Compile-time polymorphism (Method Overloading αž“αž·αž„ Operator Overloading) Run-time polymorphism (Method overriding) πŸ”Ή ្. Method Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism) Method overloading αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαžΌαž…αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ (function) αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αžˆαŸ’αž˜αŸ„αŸ‡αžŠαžΌαž…αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ αž”αŸ‰αž»αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αž˜αžΆαž“αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž¬αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘ parameter αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ” Syntax: cppCopyEdit return_type function_name(parameter1, parameter2, ...) { // function body } αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៑: Method Overloadingcpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Print { public: void display(int i) { cout << "Integer: " << i << endl; } void display(double d) { cout << "Double: " << d << endl; } void display(string s) { cout << "String: " << s << endl; } }; int main() { Print obj; obj.display(5); // Calls display(int) obj.display(5.5); // Calls display(double) obj.display("Hello"); // Calls display(string) return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: makefile CopyEdit Integer: 5 Double: 5.5 String: Hello πŸ”Ή ៣. Operator Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism)Operator overloading αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž’αž“αž»αž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαžαž²αŸ’αž™αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž αž“αž·αž„αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΆαž€αŸ‹αžœαž·αž’αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž‚αž“αŸ’αž›αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžαž·αž”αžαŸ’αžŠαž· (operators) αž™αŸ‰αžΆαž„αž•αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž›αŸ‹αžαŸ’αž›αž½αž“αŸ” Syntax: cpp CopyEdit return_type operator op (parameter) { // body of overloaded operator } αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ្: Operator Overloadingcpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Complex { public: int real, imag; Complex operator + (Complex const &other) { Complex temp; temp.real = real + other.real; temp.imag = imag + other.imag; return temp; } void display() { cout << "Real: " << real << " Imaginary: " << imag << endl; } }; int main() { Complex num1, num2, result; num1.real = 3; num1.imag = 4; num2.real = 1; num2.imag = 2; result = num1 + num2; // Calls the overloaded + operator result.display(); return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: makefile CopyEdit Real: 4 Imaginary: 6 πŸ”Ή ៀ. Method Overriding (Run-time Polymorphism)Method overriding αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαžΌαž…αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆ (function) αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ class αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαžαŸ’αž˜αžΈαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–αžαž»αžŸαž–αžΈ class αžŠαžΎαž˜αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αžαžΆαž˜αžŠαžΆαž“αŸ” Syntax: cpp CopyEdit virtual return_type function_name() { // base class body } return_type function_name() override { // derived class body } αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៣: Method Overridingcpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Animal { public: virtual void sound() { // Virtual function in base class cout << "Animal makes a sound" << endl; } }; class Dog : public Animal { public: void sound() override { // Overriding the base class function cout << "Dog barks" << endl; } }; int main() { Animal* animalPtr; Dog myDog; animalPtr = &myDog; animalPtr->sound(); // Calls the overridden function in Dog class return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: nginx CopyEdit Dog barks αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαŸ†: Polymorphism αž‡αž½αž™αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž’αž—αž·αžœαžŒαŸ’αžαžαžΆαž˜αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαŸ’αž“αžΎαžŸαž»αŸ† αž“αž·αž„αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαžαŸ’αžšαž½αžαž–αž·αž“αž·αžαŸ’αž™αž›αžΎαž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž—αžΆαž–αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ—αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ”

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αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ‘αŸ£: Inheritance in C++ πŸ”Ή ៑. Inheritance αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αžœαžΈ? Inheritance αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž‚αž“αŸ’αž›αž„αž˜αž½αž™αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αž“αž»αž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαžαž²αŸ’αž™ class αž˜αž½αž™αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž‘αž‘αž½αž›αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆ αž“αž·αž„αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–αž–αžΈ class αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‘αŸ€αžαŸ” αž§αž”αž€αžšαžŽαŸαž“αŸαŸ‡αž‡αž½αž™αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž code reuse αž“αž·αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž’αž—αž·αžœαžŒαŸ’αžαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαžšαŸ€αž”αž…αŸ†αž›αŸ’αž’αŸ” Syntax: cpp Copy Edit class DerivedClass : accessSpecifier BaseClass { // Additional members of the derived class }; DerivedClass: class αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž‘αž‘αž½αž›αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆαž–αžΈ class αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ” BaseClass: class αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž•αŸ’αžαž›αŸ‹αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆαž‘αŸ…αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹ DerivedClassαŸ” accessSpecifier: αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆ public, protected, ឬ privateαŸ” αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៑: Inheritance cpp Copy Edit #include <iostream> using namespace std; // Base Class class Animal { public: void eat() { cout << "Eating food..." << endl; } }; // Derived Class class Dog : public Animal { public: void bark() { cout << "Woof!" << endl; } }; int main() { Dog myDog; // Accessing members of the base class myDog.eat(); // Accessing members of the derived class myDog.bark(); return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: nginx Copy Edit Eating food... Woof! πŸ”Ή ្. Types of Inheritance Single Inheritance: Derived class inherits from one base class only. Multiple Inheritance: Derived class inherits from more than one base class. Multilevel Inheritance: A class inherits from a derived class, forming a chain. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple derived classes inherit from a single base class. Hybrid Inheritance: Combination of more than one type of inheritance. αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ្: Multiple Inheritance cpp Copy Edit #include <iostream> using namespace std; // Base Class 1 class Animal { public: void eat() { cout << "Eating food..." << endl; } }; // Base Class 2 class Vehicle { public: void drive() { cout << "Driving vehicle..." << endl; } }; // Derived Class class DogCar : public Animal, public Vehicle { public: void display() { cout << "I am a dog and a car!" << endl; } }; int main() { DogCar myDogCar; myDogCar.eat(); // Inherited from Animal myDogCar.drive(); // Inherited from Vehicle myDogCar.display(); // Specific to DogCar return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: css Copy Edit Eating food... Driving vehicle... I am a dog and a car! πŸ”Ή ៣. Access Specifiers in Inheritance Public Inheritance: Members of the base class are accessible in the derived class as public. Protected Inheritance: Members of the base class are accessible in the derived class as protected. Private Inheritance: Members of the base class are accessible in the derived class as private. αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៣: Public Inheritance cpp Copy Edit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: int x; void show() { cout << "Base class show()" << endl; } }; class Derived : public Base { public: void display() { cout << "Derived class display()" << endl; } }; int main() { Derived obj; obj.x = 10; // Accessing public member of the base class obj.show(); // Calling base class function obj.display(); // Calling derived class function return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: csharp Copy Edit Base class show() Derived class display() αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαŸ†: Inheritance αž‡αž½αž™αžŸαžΆαž„αžŸαž„αŸ‹αž²αŸ’αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαž–αŸ’αžšαžΉαžαŸ’αžαž‘αŸ…αž˜αž½αž™αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž—αžΆαž–αž‘αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αž„αžšαžœαžΆαž„ Class αž˜αž½αž™ αž“αž·αž„ Class αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‘αŸ€αžαŸ” αžœαžΆαž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αžΆαž“αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž€αžΌαžŠαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžšαž½αž˜αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž”αžΆαž“ αž“αž·αž„αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž’αž—αž·αžœαžŒαŸ’αžαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαž²αŸ’αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž‘αŸ’αž’αž—αžΆαž–αž‡αžΆαž„αž˜αž»αž“αŸ”

myCar.displayInfo(); return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: yaml CopyEdit Car: Toyota Corolla, 2020 πŸ”Ή ្. Objects in C++Object αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž—αžΆαž–αž˜αž½αž™αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆ αž“αž·αž„αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ ClassαŸ” αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž“αž”αžΎαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž˜αžΆαž“ class αž˜αž½αž™ αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž’αžΆαž…αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž objects αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž“αŸƒ class αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹αŸ” αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ្: αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž Objects αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“ cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Car { public: string make; string model; int year; void displayInfo() { cout << "Car: " << make << " " << model << ", " << year << endl; } }; int main() { // Creating multiple objects of the class Car car1, car2; car1.make = "Toyota"; car1.model = "Camry"; car1.year = 2018; car2.make = "Honda"; car2.model = "Civic"; car2.year = 2021; // Accessing methods of each object car1.displayInfo(); car2.displayInfo(); return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: yaml CopyEdit Car: Toyota Camry, 2018 Car: Honda Civic, 2021 πŸ”Ή ៣. Constructors and DestructorsConstructor αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž αŸ…αžŠαŸ„αž™αžŸαŸ’αžœαŸαž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžœαžαŸ’αžαž·αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž€αž‰αŸ’αž…αž”αŸ‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž object αž˜αž½αž™αŸ” Destructors αž€αŸαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž› object αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž›αž»αž”αž…αŸαž‰αŸ” Syntax for Constructor: cpp CopyEdit ClassName() { // Initialization } Syntax for Destructor: cpp CopyEdit ~ClassName() { // Clean up code } αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៣: Constructor αž“αž·αž„ Destructorcpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Car { public: string make; string model; int year; // Constructor Car(string m, string mod, int y) { make = m; model = mod; year = y; } // Destructor ~Car() { cout << "Car object is being destroyed" << endl; } void displayInfo() { cout << "Car: " << make << " " << model << ", " << year << endl; } }; int main() { Car myCar("Ford", "Focus", 2019); // Constructor is called myCar.displayInfo(); return 0; // Destructor will be called automatically when object goes out of scope } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: vbnet CopyEdit Car: Ford Focus, 2019 Car object is being destroyed αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαŸ†: Classes αž“αž·αž„ Objects αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž‚αž“αŸ’αž›αž„αžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹αž˜αž½αž™αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) αžŠαŸ„αž™ C++αŸ” OOP αž‡αž½αž™αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ‚αž„αž…αŸ‚αž€αž€αžΌαžŠαž²αŸ’αž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαžΎαžšαž‘αžΎαž„ αž“αž·αž„αž’αžΆαž…αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαžαŸ’αžšαž½αžαž–αž·αž“αž·αžαŸ’αž™αž”αžΆαž“αž„αžΆαž™αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›αŸ”

αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ‘αŸ‘: Pointers in C++ πŸ”Ή ៑. αž–αž½αž€ Pointer αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αžœαžΈ? Pointer αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αžαŸαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž•αŸ’αž‘αž»αž€αž’αžΆαžŸαž™αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αž“αŸƒαž’αžαŸαžšαž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αž‘αŸ€αžαŸ” αž–αž½αž€αžœαžΆαž’αžΆαž…αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž²αŸ’αž™αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž…αžΌαž›αž‘αŸ…αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž’αžΆαžŸαž™αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αž“αŸ„αŸ‡ αž“αž·αž„αž€αŸ‚αž”αŸ’αžšαŸ‚αžœαžΆαŸ” αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ pointers αž’αžΆαž…αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž²αŸ’αž™αž€αžΆαžšαž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαž„αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž‘αŸ’αž’αž—αžΆαž–αž“αž·αž„αž„αžΆαž™αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›αŸ” Syntax: cpp CopyEdit datatype* pointer_name; datatype: αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αžŠαŸ‚αž› pointer αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΈαž‘αŸ…αŸ” pointer_name: αžˆαŸ’αž˜αŸ„αŸ‡αž“αŸƒ pointerαŸ” αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៑: αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ Pointer αž˜αžΌαž›αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“ cppCopyEdit #include <iostream>using namespace std; int main() { int num = 10; int* pointer = &num; // Pointer αž‘αŸ…αž’αžΆαžŸαž™αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹ num // αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž–αžΈ pointer cout << "Value of num: " << num << endl; cout << "Address of num: " << &num << endl; cout << "Value from pointer: " << *pointer << endl; cout << "Address the pointer points to: " << pointer << endl; return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: yaml CopyEdit Value of num: 10 Address of num: 0x7ffee79e08b8 Value from pointer: 10 Address the pointer points to: 0x7ffee79e08b8 πŸ”Ή ្. Pointer αž“αž·αž„ ArraysPointer αž‚αžΊαž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ array αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž…αžΌαž›αž‘αŸ…αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž’αžΆαžαž»αž•αŸ’αžŸαŸαž„αŸ—αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ arrayαŸ” αž–αž½αž€αžœαžΆαž’αžΆαž…αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž“αž”αžΎαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž…αž„αŸ‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαŸ‚αž”αŸ’αžšαž½αž›αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ arrayαŸ” cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int numbers[3] = {5, 10, 15}; int* pointer = numbers; // Pointer αž‘αŸ…αž’αžΆαžαž»αžŠαŸ†αž”αžΌαž„αž“αŸƒ array // αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž–αžΈ array αžαžΆαž˜αžšαž™αŸˆ pointer cout << "First number: " << *pointer << endl; // 5 pointer++; // αž”αŸ’αžŠαžΌαžšαž‘αŸ…αž’αžΆαžαž»αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹ cout << "Second number: " << *pointer << endl; // 10 return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: sql CopyEdit First number: 5 Second number: 10 πŸ”Ή ៣. Pointer αž“αž·αž„ FunctionsPointer αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ function αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžαžΌαžšαžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αž•αŸ’αž‰αžΎαžαžΆαž˜αž’αžΆαžŸαž™αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αŸ” αžœαžΆαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαžŸαŸ’αžšαž”αž›αŸ’αž’αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž€αŸ‚αž”αŸ’αžšαŸ‚αž’αžαŸαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž’αžΆαžŸαž™αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αž˜αž½αž™αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ… functionαŸ” cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; void increment(int* ptr) { (*ptr)++; // αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž“αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž“αŸ…αž€αž“αŸ’αž›αŸ‚αž„αžŠαŸ‚αž› pointer αž…αžΌαž›αž‘αŸ… } int main() { int num = 5; cout << "Original value: " << num << endl; increment(&num); // αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΌαž“αž’αžΆαžŸαž™αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹ num αž‘αŸ… function cout << "Value after increment: " << num << endl; return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: yaml CopyEdit Original value: 5 Value after increment: 6 αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαŸ†: Pointer αž‡αžΆαž§αž”αž€αžšαžŽαŸαžŠαŸαž˜αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαž™αŸ„αž‡αž“αŸαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž•αŸ’αž›αžΆαžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ’αžαžΌαžš αž“αž·αž„αž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αžšαž„αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž²αŸ’αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž‘αŸ’αž’αž—αžΆαž–αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αžαž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ C++αŸ”

αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ‘αŸ’: Classes αž“αž·αž„ Objects in C++ πŸ”Ή ៑. Classes in C++ Class αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αŸ’αžšαž”αžαŸαžŽαŸ’αžŒαžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž’αžαŸ’αžšαžΆαž‘αŸ…αž“αžΉαž„αž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž—αžΆαž– (Objects) αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž–αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’αŸ” Class αž’αžΆαž…αž˜αžΆαž“αžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž–αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž–αžΈαž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™ αž“αž·αž„αž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‘αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αž„αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ” Syntax: cpp CopyEdit class ClassName { public: datatype attribute1; datatype attribute2; void method1() { // method body } }; αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៑: αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž αž“αž·αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ Classcpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Car { public: string make; string model; int year; void displayInfo() { cout << "Car: " << make << " " << model << ", " << year << endl; } }; int main() { // Creating an object of the class Car myCar; myCar.make = "Toyota"; myCar.model = "Corolla"; myCar.year = 2020; // Accessing the method of the class myCar.displayInfo(); return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: yaml CopyEdit Car: Toyota Corolla, 2020 πŸ”Ή ្. Objects in C++Object αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž—αžΆαž–αž˜αž½αž™αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž›αž€αŸ’αžαžŽαŸˆ αž“αž·αž„αžŸαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αž—αžΆαž–αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αž€αŸ†αžŽαžαŸ‹αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ ClassαŸ” αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž“αž”αžΎαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž˜αžΆαž“ class αž˜αž½αž™ αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž’αžΆαž…αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž objects αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž“αŸƒ class αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹αŸ” αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ្: αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž Objects αž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“ cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Car { public: string make; string model; int year; void displayInfo() { cout << "Car: " << make << " " << model << ", " << year << endl; } }; int main() { // Creating multiple objects of the class Car car1, car2; car1.make = "Toyota"; car1.model = "Camry"; car1.year = 2018; car2.make = "Honda"; car2.model = "Civic"; car2.year = 2021; // Accessing methods of each object car1.displayInfo(); car2.displayInfo(); return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: yaml CopyEdit Car: Toyota Camry, 2018 Car: Honda Civic, 2021 πŸ”Ή ៣. Constructors and DestructorsConstructor αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž αŸ…αžŠαŸ„αž™αžŸαŸ’αžœαŸαž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžœαžαŸ’αžαž·αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž€αž‰αŸ’αž…αž”αŸ‹αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž object αž˜αž½αž™αŸ” Destructors αž€αŸαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αžŠαŸ‚αž› object αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž›αž»αž”αž…αŸαž‰αŸ” Syntax for Constructor: cpp CopyEdit ClassName() { // Initialization } Syntax for Destructor: cpp CopyEdit ~ClassName() { // Clean up code } αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៣: Constructor αž“αž·αž„ Destructorcpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Car { public: string make; string model; int year; // Constructor Car(string m, string mod, int y) { make = m; model = mod; year = y; } // Destructor ~Car() { cout << "Car object is being destroyed" << endl; } void displayInfo() { cout << "Car: " << make << " " << model << ", " << year << endl; } }; int main() { Car myCar("Ford", "Focus", 2019); // Constructor is called myCar.displayInfo(); return 0; // Destructor will be called automatically when object goes out of scope } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: vbnet CopyEdit Car: Ford Focus, 2019 Car object is being destroyed αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΆαŸ†: Classes αž“αž·αž„ Objects αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž‚αž“αŸ’αž›αž„αžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹αž˜αž½αž™αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) αžŠαŸ„αž™ C++αŸ” OOP αž‡αž½αž™αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ‚αž„αž…αŸ‚αž€αž€αžΌαžŠαž²αŸ’αž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαžΎαžšαž‘αžΎαž„ αž“αž·αž„αž’αžΆαž…αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž€αžΆαžšαžαŸ’αžšαž½αžαž–αž·αž“αž·αžαŸ’αž™αž”αžΆαž“αž„αžΆαž™αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž›αŸ”αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ‘αŸ’: Classes αž“αž·αž„ Objects in C++ πŸ”Ή ៑. Classes in C++ Class αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αŸ’αžšαž”αžαŸαžŽαŸ’αžŒαžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαž’αžαŸ’αžšαžΆαž‘αŸ…αž“αžΉαž„αž’αž„αŸ’αž‚αž—αžΆαž– (Objects) αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž’αžαŸ’αžαž“αŸαž™αž–αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž–αŸαž“αŸ’αž’αŸ” Class αž’αžΆαž…αž˜αžΆαž“αžŸαž˜αžαŸ’αžαž—αžΆαž–αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž–αžΈαž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™ αž“αž·αž„αž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž‘αžΆαž€αŸ‹αž‘αž„αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαŸ” Syntax: cpp CopyEdit class ClassName { public: datatype attribute1; datatype attribute2; void method1() { // method body } }; αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸ ៑: αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž αž“αž·αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ Classcpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; class Car { public: string make; string model; int year; void displayInfo() { cout << "Car: " << make << " " << model << ", " << year << endl; } }; int main() { // Creating an object of the class Car myCar; myCar.make = "Toyota"; myCar.model = "Corolla"; myCar.year = 2020; // Accessing the method of the class

αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ‘αŸ αž‚αžΊαž’αŸ†αž–αžΈ Arrays in C++ αž αžΎαž™αž˜αž·αž“αž˜αŸ‚αž“αž‡αžΆαž–αžΈαžšαž”αŸ€αž” loops αž‘αŸαŸ” αž…αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž•αŸ’αžαžΎαž˜αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈ Arrays αž™αžΎαž„αž”αžΆαž“αžšαŸ€αž“αž–αžΈαžšαž”αŸ€αž”αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ array αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈ C++ αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αŸ” αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ‘αŸ : Arrays in C++ πŸ”Ή 1. αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž αž“αž·αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹ Arrays Array αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αžšαžŽαžΈαžŽαžΆαž˜αž½αž™αž“αŸƒαžŸαŸ’αžšαž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αž“αž»αž‰αŸ’αž‰αžΆαžαž²αŸ’αž™αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž‡αžΆαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αžαŸ‚αž˜αž½αž™αŸ” αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹αž“αžΉαž„αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž˜αž½αž™αž―αž€αžŸαžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ‚αž„αž…αŸ‚αž€αžαžΆαž˜αžˆαŸ’αž˜αŸ„αŸ‡αž“αŸƒ ArrayαŸ” Syntax: cpp CopyEdit datatype array_name[size]; datatype: αž”αŸ’αžšαž—αŸαž‘αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ arrayαŸ” array_name: αžˆαŸ’αž˜αŸ„αŸ‡αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αžŠαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž²αŸ’αž™ arrayαŸ” size: αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž’αžΆαžαž»αžŠαŸ‚αž›αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ arrayαŸ” αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸαŸ–cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž’αŸ†αž–αžΈαž‚αŸ’αžšαž”αŸ‹αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ array for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << "αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[" << i << "] αž‚αžΊ: " << numbers[i] << endl; } return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: less CopyEdit αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[0] αž‚αžΊ: 1 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[1] αž‚αžΊ: 2 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[2] αž‚αžΊ: 3 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[3] αž‚αžΊ: 4 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[4] αž‚αžΊ: 5 πŸ”Ή 2. αž€αžΆαžšαž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαž Array αžŠαŸ„αž™αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ Value Inputαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž’αžΆαž…αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž‘αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ array αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ cin αžŠαžΌαž…αž‡αžΆαŸ– cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int numbers[5]; // αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž‘αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ array for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << "αžŸαžΌαž˜αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž›αŸαž " << i + 1 << ": "; cin >> numbers[i]; } // αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒ for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << "αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[" << i << "] αž‚αžΊ: " << numbers[i] << endl; } return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›: yaml CopyEdit αžŸαžΌαž˜αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž›αŸαž 1: 10 αžŸαžΌαž˜αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž›αŸαž 2: 20 αžŸαžΌαž˜αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž›αŸαž 3: 30 αžŸαžΌαž˜αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž›αŸαž 4: 40 αžŸαžΌαž˜αž”αž‰αŸ’αž…αžΌαž›αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž›αŸαž 5: 50 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[0] αž‚αžΊ: 10 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[1] αž‚αžΊ: 20 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[2] αž‚αžΊ: 30 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[3] αž‚αžΊ: 40 αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž“αŸƒ numbers[4] αž‚αžΊ: 50

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Exercise 3: Write a program using array to calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to 10. πŸ”Ή C++ Code: cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int numbers[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; int sum = 0; // Calculate the sum for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { sum += numbers[i]; } // Display the sum cout << "The sum of numbers from 1 to 10 is: " << sum << endl; return 0; } βœ… Output: python CopyEdit The sum of numbers from 1 to 10 is: 55 This program uses an array to store numbers from 1 to 10 and calculates their sum.

Exercise 2: Use a string to display the message "Welcome to C++!" πŸ”Ή C++ Code: cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // Declare a string string message = "Welcome to C++!"; // Display the message cout << message << endl; return 0; } βœ… Output: css CopyEdit Welcome to C++! This program uses a string to store and display the welcome message.

αž›αŸ†αž αžΆαžαŸ‹αž‘αžΈαŸ‘ αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž—αžΆαžŸαžΆαž’αž„αŸ‹αž‚αŸ’αž›αŸαžŸαŸ– πŸ”Ή C++ Code: cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int numbers[10] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; // Display the last value cout << "The last value is: " << numbers[9] << endl; return 0; } βœ… Output: nginx CopyEdit The last value is: 10 αž“αŸαŸ‡αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ array αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“ ៑០ αž“αž·αž„αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž…αž»αž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αŸ”

αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ©αŸ– Array αž“αž·αž„ String αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ C++ πŸ”Ή ៑. Array Array αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αžαŸαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž’αžΆαž…αžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž…αŸ’αžšαžΎαž“αŸ— (homogeneous values) αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž‘αžΈαžαžΆαŸ†αž„αž―αž€αžαžΆαŸ” SyntaxαŸ– cpp CopyEdit type name[size]; αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸαŸ– cpp CopyEdit int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸαžαžΆαž„αž›αžΎ, numbers αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αžΆαžšαŸαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž˜αžΆαž“αž‘αŸ†αž αŸ† αŸ₯ αž“αž·αž„αžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒ ៑, ្, ៣, ៀ, αž“αž·αž„ αŸ₯αŸ” πŸ”Ή ្. Accessing Array Elementsαž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžαžΆαž˜αžšαž™αŸˆ index αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž…αžΌαž›αž‘αŸ…αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αž˜αžΆαžαž·αž€αžΆαž“αŸƒ arrayαŸ” cpp CopyEdit cout << numbers[0]; // αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž‘αžΈ ៑ (1) πŸ”Ή ៣. String String αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ C++ αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαžšαž”αŸ€αž”αž“αŸƒ array αžαžŽαŸˆαžŠαŸ‚αž›αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœαž”αžΆαž“αž”αž‰αŸ’αž‡αžΌαž›αž‡αžΆαž’αž€αŸ’αžŸαžšαŸ” SyntaxαŸ– cpp CopyEdit char name[] = "Hello"; αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸαŸ– cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // Array of integers int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Accessing elements cout << "Number at index 2: " << numbers[2] << endl; // Output: 3 // String char greeting[] = "Hello, World!"; cout << "Greeting: " << greeting << endl; // Output: Hello, World! return 0; } πŸ“š αž›αŸ†αž αžΆαžαŸ‹αž’αž“αž»αžœαžαŸ’αžβ€‹β€‹β€‹β€‹β€‹β€‹ ​​1οΈβƒ£αžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ array αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαžšαž€αŸ’αžŸαžΆαž‘αž»αž€αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“ ៑០ αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“ αž αžΎαž™αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž…αž»αž„αž€αŸ’αžšαŸ„αž™αŸ” 2️⃣ αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ string αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžŸαžΆαžš "αžŸαžΌαž˜αžŸαŸ’αžœαžΆαž‚αž˜αž“αŸαž˜αž€αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹ C++!" 3️⃣ αžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ array αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž‚αžŽαž“αžΆαž˜αžαž»αž›αŸ’αž™αž—αžΆαž–αž–αžΈ ៑ αžŠαž›αŸ‹ ៑០ αŸ”

αž“αŸαŸ‡αž‡αžΆαž…αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΎαž™ αž›αŸ†αž αžΆαžαŸ‹αž‘αžΈαŸ’ αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ¨αŸ– αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ while loop αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αžΌαž€αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž–αžΈ ៑ αžŠαž›αŸ‹ ៑០ πŸ”Ή αž€αžΌαžŠ C++αŸ– cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int sum = 0; int i = 1; while (i <= 10) { sum += i; // αž”αžΌαž€αž›αŸαžαž”αž…αŸ’αž…αž»αž”αŸ’αž”αž“αŸ’αž“αž‘αŸ… sum i++; // αž”αž“αŸ’αžαŸ‚αž˜αž›αŸαžαž±αŸ’αž™αž€αžΎαž“αž‘αžΎαž„ } cout << "αž•αž›αž”αžΌαž€αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž–αžΈ ៑ αžŠαž›αŸ‹ ៑០ αž‚αžΊ: " << sum << endl; return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›αŸ– CopyEdit αž•αž›αž”αžΌαž€αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž–αžΈ ៑ αžŠαž›αŸ‹ ៑០ αž‚αžΊ: 55 αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž€αžΌαžŠαž“αŸαŸ‡ sum αž‡αžΆαž’αžαŸαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž•αŸ’αžαž›αŸ‹αžŸαžšαž»αž”αž“αŸƒαž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“αž–αžΈ ៑ αžŠαž›αŸ‹ αŸ‘αŸ αŸ” αž™αžΎαž„αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ while loop αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αžΌαž€αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž“αŸ…αžšαžΆαž›αŸ‹αžœαžŠαŸ’αžαŸ” 😎

αž“αŸαŸ‡αž‡αžΆαž…αž˜αŸ’αž›αžΎαž™ αž›αŸ†αž αžΆαžαŸ‹αž‘αžΈαŸ‘ αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„αž˜αŸαžšαŸ€αž“αž‘αžΈαŸ¨αŸ– αžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžšαž€αž˜αŸ’αž˜αžœαž·αž’αžΈαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ for loop αžŠαžΎαž˜αŸ’αž”αžΈαž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαžΆαžšαžΆαž„αž‚αž»αžŽ ្ (2 Γ— 1 αžŠαž›αŸ‹ 2 Γ— 10) πŸ”Ή αž€αžΌαžŠ C++αŸ– cpp CopyEdit #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αžαžΆαžšαžΆαž„αž‚αž»αžŽ ្ for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { cout << "2 x " << i << " = " << 2 * i << endl; } return 0; } βœ… αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›αŸ– CopyEdit 2 x 1 = 2 2 x 2 = 4 2 x 3 = 6 2 x 4 = 8 2 x 5 = 10 2 x 6 = 12 2 x 7 = 14 2 x 8 = 16 2 x 9 = 18 2 x 10 = 20