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Shingles or herpes zoster

Babinski reflex In newborns it is not a sign of pathology.

Shingles or herpes zoster

Metaraminol, also known by its brand name Aramine, is a medication used primarily as a vasopressor agent. It acts as a sympathomimetic amine, which means it stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Metaraminol is commonly used to increase blood pressure in cases of severe hypotension or shock. metaraminol: 1. Mechanism of action: Metaraminol acts by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, leading to vasoconstriction. This causes an increase in peripheral vascular resistance and subsequently raises blood pressure. 2. Indications: Metaraminol is primarily used to treat hypotension and shock, particularly in situations where blood pressure needs to be rapidly increased, such as during anesthesia or in emergency situations. 3. Administration: It is typically administered intravenously, but can also be given intramuscularly. The dosage and rate of administration depend on the individual patient's condition and response. 4. Side effects: Common side effects may include increased heart rate, hypertension, headache, nausea, and anxiety. It is important to monitor patients closely for any adverse reactions. 5. Contraindications and precautions: Metaraminol should be used with caution in patients with conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes. It is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug. 6. Drug interactions: Metaraminol may interact with certain medications, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants, potentially leading to increased blood pressure or other adverse effects.

Examples Sympathomimetic drugs Norepinephrine exerts a greater effect on α-receptors than β-receptors.This causes an overall increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP;blue line),diastolic blood pressure (DBP;green line),and mean arterial pressure (MAP;yellow line),which results in a widened pulse pressure.A net increase in BP with minimal activation of β-receptors results in a decrease in heart rate (HR),known as reflex bradycardia. Epinephrine activates α-receptors and β-receptors equally,causing an increase in SBP and MAP.Activation of β2-receptors results in an overall decrease in peripheral resistance (PR), resulting in a decrease in DBP.The action of epinephrine on β1-receptors leads to an increase in HR. Isoproterenol has greater selectivity for β-receptors than α-receptors, resulting in an unopposed β2 decrease in PR and subsequent decrease in DBP.The large drop in PR triggers an increase in HR, known as reflex tachycardia.This increase in HR is further enhanced by isoproterenol action on β1-receptors .

An α1-selective antagonist, also known as an α1-blocker, is a type of medication that specifically targets and blocks the α1-adrenergic receptors in the body. α1-selective antagonists: 1. Mechanism of Action: α1-selective antagonists work by blocking the α1-adrenergic receptors found in smooth muscles of blood vessels, prostate, and bladder. By blocking these receptors, they prevent the binding of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles. 2. Blood Vessel Dilation: By blocking α1-adrenergic receptors in blood vessels, α1-selective antagonists promote vasodilation, which means the blood vessels widen. This dilation reduces peripheral vascular resistance, allowing blood to flow more easily and lowering blood pressure. 3. Indications: α1-selective antagonists are primarily used for the treatment of conditions such as both hypertension (high blood pressure) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlargement of the prostate gland) using (prazosin, terazosin, doxazosine and alfuzosine) .if (BPH) only using Tamsulosine. 4. Hypertension Management: By causing vasodilation, α1-selective antagonists help lower blood pressure, making them effective in managing hypertension. They can be used as a standalone treatment or in combination with other antihypertensive medications. 5. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): α1-selective antagonists can help relieve the symptoms associated with BPH by relaxing the smooth muscles of the prostate and bladder neck. This relaxation improves urine flow and reduces urinary frequency and urgency. 6. Side Effects: Common side effects of α1-selective antagonists may include dizziness, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), fatigue, nasal congestion, and retrograde ejaculation (inability to ejaculate semen during sexual intercourse). 7. Precautions: Individuals using α1-selective antagonists should exercise caution when standing up abruptly to avoid dizziness or fainting due to orthostatic hypotension.

Phenylephrine is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as sympathomimetic agents. It is commonly used as a decongestant, primarily for nasal congestion caused by allergies, the common cold, or sinusitis. Phenylephrine works by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages, which helps to reduce swelling and alleviate congestion. In addition to its nasal decongestant properties, phenylephrine may also be used as a mydriatic agent to dilate the pupils during certain eye examinations or as a vasopressor to increase blood pressure in cases of low blood pressure (hypotension). It's important to note that phenylephrine can cause certain side effects, including increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, restlessness, nervousness, and headache. It may also interact with other medications or underlying medical conditions, especially if you have a history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, or other health concerns. Phenylephrine is available in various forms, including nasal sprays, oral tablets, and eye drops. It's essential to follow the recommended dosage and usage instructions provided by your healthcare provider or as indicated on the product packaging.