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✅Common mistakes with unnecessary prepositions👇 1. Answer (= reply to). ❌Don't say: Please answer to my question. ☑️ Say: Please answer my question. 2. Approach (= come near to). ❌Don't say: Don't approach to that house. ☑️ Say: Don't approach that house. 3. Enter (= go into). ❌Don't say: We entered into the classroom. ☑️ Say: We entered the classroom.

🫧 "Names and Formulas of Chemical Elements!" 🔺 Common salt = NaCl 🔺Baking soda = NaHCO₃ 🔺 Washing soda = Na₂CO₃ 10H₂O 🔺Caustic Soda = NaOH 🔺Suhaga = Na₂B₄O₇ 10H₂O 🔺 Alum = K₂SO₄ Al₂(SO₄)₃ 24H₂O 🔺Red medicine = KMnO₄ 🔺 Caustic Potash = KOH Saltpeter = KNO₃ 🔺Bleaching powder = Ca(OCl)Cl 🔺 lime water = Ca(OH)₂ 🔺Gypsum = CaSO₄ 2H₂O 🔺 Plaster of Paris = CaSO₄ ½H₂O 🔺Chalk = CaCO₃ Limestone = CaCO₃ 🔺 Marble = CaCO₃ Nausadar = NH4Cl Laughing gas = N₂O 🔺 Litharge = PbO 🔺 Galena = PbS 🔺Red vermilion = Pb₃O₄ 🔺White lead = 2PbCO₃ Pb(OH)₂ 🔺 Salt acid = HCl 🔺Shore's acid = HNO₃ 🔺Amalraj = HNO₃ + HCl (1 : 3) 🔺Dry ice = CO₂ 🔺Green Case = FeSO₄ 7H₂O 🔺 Horn Silver = AgCl 🔺 Heavy water = D₂O 🔺Producer gas = CO + N₂ 🔺Marsh gas = CH₄ Vinegar = CH₃COOH 🔺Gemaxine = C₆H₆Cl₆ 🔺Blue Case = CuSO₄ 5H₂O 🔺alcohol = C₂H₅OH 🔺 Mand = C₆H₁₀O₅ 🔺Grape juice = C₆H₁₂O₆ 🔺sugar = C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 🔺 Urea = NH₂CONH₂ 🔺 Benzene = C₆H₆

💁 CHEMSTRY GRADE 11 📙 📝UNIT FOUR 1️⃣. Chemical Kinetics ✳️  Chemical kinetics:-  Is the area of chemistry concernedwith the speeds, or rates, at which reactions occur. The word “kinetic” suggests movementor change. Chemical kinetics refers to the rate of reaction, which is the change over times in the concentration of a reactant or a product. 🔹Chemical kinetics also the study of rates of chemical processes. This includesinvestigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of achemical reaction. 🔹The investigations yield information about the reaction's mechanismand transition states. The study of chemical kinetics also uses the construction ofmathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. 🔹Rate of reaction (speed) is not fixed for a particular type of reaction, sinceit depends on several factors. The rate of reaction gets altered when subjected to smallchanges in temperature, concentration, pressure etc. 🔹 In 1864, Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg pioneered the development of chemical kinetics by formulating the law of mass action, which states that the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the quantity of the reacting substances. Some chemical reactions proceed quickly,whereas others require days, months or even years to give products. These differences depend primarily on the differences in the chemical nature of the reacting substances. 💁The rate of reaction defined for bothreversible and irreversible reactions as well as slow and fast reactions                ♨️ Fast reactions                                 🔸Combustions of fuel        🔸Reactions of active metal 🔸with acids 🔸Firing of gun            🔸Precipitation reactions      🔸Neutralization reactions                             ♨️Slow reactions 🔸Oxidations coppers 🔸Rusting of Iron 🔸Fermentations 🔸Geological reactions 🔸souring of milk How do you think that the rate of reaction is measured?🤔 🔹 Rate of reaction is the change in concentration of a reactant or a product over a givenperiod of time. During the course of a reaction, the concentrations of the reactants decrease while those of the products increase.Thus, the rate of a reaction is calculated by dividing the change in the concentrations of reactants or products by the time takenfor the change to occur. ▪️For a simple reaction, A  ---> B The rate of reaction is expressed in terms of a reactant concentration as r   =  –∆ [A]/∆t  =   [A]f - [A]i/∆t 🗣️Where r is rate of reaction A is a reactant, B is a product, [A]i and [A]f are initial and final concentration of A respectively, ∆ [A] is change in concentration of A and ∆t is the change in time. [A]f < [A]i. Thus, ∆[A] = [A]f  – [A]i, is negative. This indicates that the reactant is being consumed. However, the rate of a reaction is a positive quantity. In terms of product concentration, the rate of a reaction is given by: r = ∆[B]/ ∆t =[B]f- [B]i /∆t [B]f  > [B]i.  Thus, ∆B = [B]f – [B]i is positive because [B] increases and the rate of a reaction is also positive. The unit of rate is mol L– s– (Ms-) and the unit of concentration is mole per litre (mol/L)

💁 CHEMSTRY GRADE 11 📙 📝UNIT FOUR 1️⃣. Chemical Kinetics ✳️  Chemical kinetics:-  Is the area of chemistry concernedwith the speeds, or rates, at which reactions occur. The word “kinetic” suggests movementor change. Chemical kinetics refers to the rate of reaction, which is the change over times in the concentration of a reactant or a product. 🔹Chemical kinetics also the study of rates of chemical processes. This includesinvestigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of achemical reaction. 🔹The investigations yield information about the reaction's mechanismand transition states. The study of chemical kinetics also uses the construction ofmathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. 🔹Rate of reaction (speed) is not fixed for a particular type of reaction, sinceit depends on several factors. The rate of reaction gets altered when subjected to smallchanges in temperature, concentration, pressure etc. 🔹 In 1864, Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg pioneered the development of chemical kinetics by formulating the law of mass action, which states that the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the quantity of the reacting substances. Some chemical reactions proceed quickly,whereas others require days, months or even years to give products. These differences depend primarily on the differences in the chemical nature of the reacting substances. 💁The rate of reaction defined for bothreversible and irreversible reactions as well as slow and fast reactions                ♨️ Fast reactions                                 🔸Combustions of fuel        🔸Reactions of active metal 🔸with acids 🔸Firing of gun            🔸Precipitation reactions      🔸Neutralization reactions                             ♨️Slow reactions 🔸Oxidations coppers 🔸Rusting of Iron 🔸Fermentations 🔸Geological reactions 🔸souring of milk How do you think that the rate of reaction is measured?🤔 🔹 Rate of reaction is the change in concentration of a reactant or a product over a givenperiod of time. During the course of a reaction, the concentrations of the reactants decrease while those of the products increase.Thus, the rate of a reaction is calculated by dividing the change in the concentrations of reactants or products by the time takenfor the change to occur. ▪️For a simple reaction, A  ---> B The rate of reaction is expressed in terms of a reactant concentration as r   =  –∆ [A]/∆t  =   [A]f - [A]i/∆t 🗣️Where r is rate of reaction A is a reactant, B is a product, [A]i and [A]f are initial and final concentration of A respectively, ∆ [A] is change in concentration of A and ∆t is the change in time. [A]f < [A]i. Thus, ∆[A] = [A]f  – [A]i, is negative. This indicates that the reactant is being consumed. However, the rate of a reaction is a positive quantity. In terms of product concentration, the rate of a reaction is given by: r = ∆[B]/ ∆t =[B]f- [B]i /∆t [B]f  > [B]i.  Thus, ∆B = [B]f – [B]i is positive because [B] increases and the rate of a reaction is also positive. The unit of rate is mol L– s– (Ms-) and the unit of concentration is mole per litre (mol/L)

#Odeeffannoo_dhiyeenyaa Finfinneetti dhaabbilee hojiin saalqunnamtii saala walfakkaataa itti raawwatamu irratti tarkaanfiin fudhatamuun ibsameera. Waajjirri Bulchiinsa Nageenyaa fi Poolisii Finfinnee waliin ta'uun tarkaanfii kana fudhatamaa akka jiramu himameera. Hoteelota, manneen dhugaatii fi manneen nyaataa irratti xiyyeeffatamee hojjetamaa akka jirus ibsameera. Waajjirichi gocha saalqunnamtii saala walfakkaataa raawwachuu fi raawwachiisuun seera Itoophiyaa keessatti dhorkaa ta'uu ibsuun, "warra gocha jibbisiisoo namaa fi Waaqayyoon jibbamu kana raawwatanii fi raawwachiisan irratti mararfannoo tokko malee  tarkaanfii keenya cimsinee itti fufna" jedhameera. Bifuma kanaan Bulchiinsa magaalaa Finfinnee kutaa magaalaa Yakkaa 02 keessatti bakka bashannanaa "Ababa Guest House" jedhamu irratti yaada hawaasa irraa argame bu'uura godhachuun tarkaanfiin fudhatamuu isaa beeksisaniiru. Yeroo ammaa hoogganaan dhaabbatichaa poolisii magaalichaatiin qoratamaa akka jira. Namni odeeffannoo fi yaada saalqunnamtii saala walfakkaataa waliin walqabatu qabu waajjira poolisii dhiyoo jiru dhufuu fi lakkoofsa bilbila bilisaa 991 fi 987 akkasumas 011-1- 11-01-11 fi 011-5-52-63-02 fayyadamuun odeeffannoo fi yaada kennuu ni danda’ama.

🔰 BIOLOGY GRADE 12 📘⭐ ✏️ LESSON 3️⃣ ♨️BACTERIA 🔹Organisms which belong to kingdom monera 🔹Have cell wall made of peptidoglycan ( non cellulose cell wall) 🔹Have prokaryotic cell structure 🔹Do not have membrane bounded organelle such as chloroplast, mitochondria, Golgi bodies etc 🔹All are unicellular  ▪️Some other structure found only in few bacteria 🔹Capsule; protect against drying, harsh chemicals and host WBC 🔹Flagella; use to move the cell 🔹Endospore; used bacteria to resist heat, Ultra violet radiation and Chemical disinfectant  🔹Plasmid; self-replicating loop of DNA 🔹Pili; used to  transfer genetic material from one bacteria to another ➖help bacteria to adhere to  host cell  ✳️Type of cell 🔰Prokaryotic cell  🔹Small cell Size (1 μm to 10 μm) 🔹Nucleus absent 🔹Genetic material a continuous loop DNA, no protein histone to form chromosomes Have a circular DNA called plasmid 🔹Fundamentally unicellular cell form  🔹Reproduce  asexually by binary fission. Sexually by conjugation  🔰Eukaryotic cell 🔹Plant cell wall made up of cellulose 🔹Respiration takes place in mitochondria 🔹Have membrane bonded organelle 🔹Complex flagella structure with 9+2 microtubules 🔹Large ribosomes (80s) ♨️Bacterial classification 🔸 Bacterial cells have three main shapes:  1️⃣Cocci (singular, coccus) ➖ spherical bacteria ➖Diplococci. e.g. Streptococcus pneumonia ➖Streptococci. e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes ➖Staphylococci e.g. Staphylococcus aurous 2️⃣Bacilli (singular, bacillus) – ➖ rod-shaped bacteria ➖Chain of bacilli e.g. Bacillus anthraces ➖Flagellate rods e.g. Salmonella typhi ➖Spore forming e.g. Clostridium botulinum 3️⃣Spiral – spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria ➖Spirilla: e.g. Helicobacter pylori ➖Spirochetes: e.g. Treponema palladium   🔸Based on staining property-Gram stain 🔹Gram staining  is a deferential staining technique used to classify bacteria into gram positive and negative based on its staining property ♨️Gram positive ▪️Stained purple by gram stain ▪️Keep the color of primary stain /crystal violet/ not decolorized ▪️Have  thick cell wall ▪️No membrane outside cell wall ▪️Do not produce endotoxin ▪️More  susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants ▪️E.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis ♨️Gram Negative ▪️Stain pink by gram stain ▪️Primary stain decolorized by ethanol and take the color of secondary stain safranin ▪️Cell wall is thinner  ▪️Have  lipopolysaccharide outside cell wall ▪️Produce endotoxin ▪️Less susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants ▪️E.g., Escherichia coli

#English_Grammar ✏️Lesson 1️⃣3️⃣ 📖 Concrete vs. Abstract Countable Nouns Both concrete and abstract nouns can be countable. Concrete nouns name people, places, or things that are tangible—they can be seen or touched. Abstract nouns, on the other hand, name intangible things, such as ideas, concepts, feelings, or attributes. Concrete countable nouns Concrete nouns are a bit easier to understand as being countable—after all, they are things that we can see and feel, and so we can usually count them. Consider the following, for example: • cup • ambulance • phone • person • eel • computer • doctor Each of these can be considered as an individual item or unit, which means that we are able to count them: SINGULAR  -   PLURAL a cup - two cups an ambulance - several ambulances a phone - 10 phones a person - many people an eel - three eels a computer - a few computers a doctor - some doctors Abstract countable nouns Even though abstract nouns are not tangible, many of them can still be counted as separable units. Like concrete nouns, they can take a or an or can be made plural. Consider these abstract nouns: • conversation • emergency • reading • aspiration • emotion • belief Now let’s see how they can be counted: SINGULAR   -    PLURAL a conversation - two conversations an emergency - several emergencies a reading - 10 readings an aspiration - many aspirations an emotion - hundreds of emotions a belief - certain beliefs

🔰 BIOLOGY GRADE 12 📘⭐ ✏️ LESSON 2️⃣               📝 Algae 🔹Simple autotrophic organisms. 🔹Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organism 🔹Have eukaryotic cells 🔹Unicellular or multicellular 🔹Algae provide food for fish and other larger organisms. 🔹Highly productive of oxygen and organic matter then terrestrial plant 🔹Some unicellular algae are motile – they can move. ✳️ E.g. Chlamydomonas, which has two flagella              📝 Viruses  🔹Viruses are infectious agent found in all life forms. 🔹Virus is not even a cell (they are acellular), they lack nucleus, cytoplasm and other major organelles. 🔹For these reason viruse cannot independently carryout  any of the life processes. 🔹They can only reproduce inside other cells  (obligate intracellular parasite to bacteria, plants and animals)  🔹Have genetic material either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat ✳️ Example Bacteriophages are viruses that parasitise bacteria,   tobacco mosaic virus.

#BIOLOGY 🔵ENZYMES 🔴Enzymes are biological catalysts,which accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction, or af ect the end product. 🔴they are responsible for supporting almost all of the the chemical reactions that maintain animal homeostasis. 🔵#Catalysts :- are molecules that speed up a chemical reactions by reducing the amount of activation energy required to get the reaction going. 🔵 The process by which catalysts lower the activation energy is called #catalysis 🔴 Catalysts themselves do not change in a way during the reaction and are available for re-use after the reaction. 🔵In cells the catalysts are enzymes. Enzymes are proteins within a very complex structure having a region called #active site. The part of he enzyme molecule that binds with its substrate. The shape of the active site allow :- 🔵 The binding with a particular substrate 🔵 The binding result the reaction to take place with less energy 🔴 Enzymes are formed inside cells. the site of enzyme action may be outside the cell ( extracellular enzymes ) or within the cell ( intracellular enzymes ). 🔵#Activation energy:- the amount of energy required to rise all the molecules in one mole of a substance to a transition state at which it is ready to cleave or form a product. The presence of enzyme lowers the required activation energy. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

#English_Grammar ✏️Lesson 1️⃣3️⃣ 📖 Concrete vs. Abstract Countable Nouns Both concrete and abstract nouns can be countable. Concrete nouns name people, places, or things that are tangible—they can be seen or touched. Abstract nouns, on the other hand, name intangible things, such as ideas, concepts, feelings, or attributes. Concrete countable nouns Concrete nouns are a bit easier to understand as being countable—after all, they are things that we can see and feel, and so we can usually count them. Consider the following, for example: • cup • ambulance • phone • person • eel • computer • doctor Each of these can be considered as an individual item or unit, which means that we are able to count them: SINGULAR  -   PLURAL a cup - two cups an ambulance - several ambulances a phone - 10 phones a person - many people an eel - three eels a computer - a few computers a doctor - some doctors Abstract countable nouns Even though abstract nouns are not tangible, many of them can still be counted as separable units. Like concrete nouns, they can take a or an or can be made plural. Consider these abstract nouns: • conversation • emergency • reading • aspiration • emotion • belief Now let’s see how they can be counted: SINGULAR   -    PLURAL a conversation - two conversations an emergency - several emergencies a reading - 10 readings an aspiration - many aspirations an emotion - hundreds of emotions a belief - certain beliefs