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🔆 Pala Dynasty (8th – 12th Century CE)
📍 Gopala (c. 750 CE)
✅ Founder of the Pala dynasty.
✅ Displaced the later Guptas of Magadha and Khadga rulers of eastern Bengal.
✅ Followed Buddhism → built the famous Odantapuri Monastery.
📍 Dharmapala (c. 770 – 810 CE)
✅ Founded Vikramshila University (Bihar) → scholar Dipankara Atisa associated.
✅ Founded Somapura Mahavihara and renovated Nalanda University.
✅ Patronised Buddhist scholar Shantarakshita → promoted Yogacara–Svatantrika–Madhyamaka synthesis
→ Integration of:
• Yogacara (Asanga)
• Madhyamaka (Nagarjuna)
• Logic & epistemology (Dharmakirti)
📍 Devapala (c. 810 – 850 CE)
✅ Extended empire to Kamarupa (Assam), parts of Odisha (Utkala), and Nepal.
✅ Defeated Hunas, Gurjaras (possibly Mihir Bhoja), and Dravidas.
✅ Sailendra ruler Balaputradeva (Suvarnadvipa – Indonesia/Java) requested grant of 5 villages to Nalanda monastery → accepted.
✅ Appointed Viradeva as monastery head.
✅ Buddhist scholar Vajradatta wrote Lokeshvarashataka.
✅ Arab merchant Sulaiman referred to Pala Empire as Ruhimi / Ruhma Dharma.
📍 Mahipala I (c. 977 – 1027 CE)
✅ Revived Pala power after decline.
✅ Faced defeat at the hands of Rajendra Chola I.
📍 Ramapala (c. 1072 – 1126 CE)
✅ Last powerful Pala ruler → revived fortunes temporarily.
✅ Reasserted control over Kamarupa and Kalinga.
❗ Eventually, Vijayasena of Sena dynasty ended Pala rule in the 12th century.
