PSIR 101
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Kanal postlari
Amitav Acharya
Pundits and political scientists have long anticipated the end of the United States’ unipolar moment and the rise of a more multipolar order. Trump is often cited as an accelerant in this process.
The reality is that he has given rise to something altogether different. The United States will remain the most economically and militarily powerful country in the world for several more years.
But it will be absent from, if not actively hostile toward, the existing international order. This unique configuration is not multipolarity but rather the world minus one.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2026/01/05/world-minus-one-united-states-isolationism-multilateralism-global-power/
#2A
| 2 | World_Order- All at one place.pdf | 2 526 |
| 3 | PM describes India and Australia as vibrant democracies, multicultural societies and significant ocean powers- PM at third Ind Aus annual summit
Launched PACTS - partnership on cyber critical infrastructure and supply chains
ECTA
Plans for CECA, BIT
Ind Australia Defence innovation corridor
Peaceful, stable, rules based and prosperous indo pacific.
#2B | 3 432 |
| 4 | Deepening India–Japan Partnership offers a powerful, constructive model
Shashi Tharoor
The India–Japan relationship has evolved from a strategic partnership into a comprehensive civilisational and economic partnership. It offers a positive model for a stable, rules-based Indo-Pacific amidst geopolitical uncertainty.
Why India–Japan partnership matters
1. Shared Strategic Vision
Both support a Free, Open and Inclusive Indo-Pacific (FOIP).
Believe in rule-based international order, freedom of navigation and peaceful dispute resolution.
2. Economic Complementarity
Japan provides Capital, Advanced technology, Manufacturing expertise, High-quality infrastructure
India provides Large market, Young workforce, Digital innovation, Growth potential
3. Defence & Security Cooperation
Defence ties have expanded through: Military exercises, Maritime cooperation, Technology collaboration, Defence industrial partnerships, Important for maintaining balance in the Indo-Pacific.
4. Human Capital Partnership
- demographic complementarity:
Japan- Ageing population, Labour shortages, Need for skilled workers
India- Young workforce, Large pool of professionals, Growing talent in technology and healthcare
Suggestion: Create structured mobility and skill-recognition frameworks allowing Indian professionals to work in Japan.
Innovation & Technology
Joint collaboration should focus on:
AI, Semiconductors, Green technology, Robotics, Digital manufacturing, Advanced infrastructure, Climate technologies
Inclusive Development
- Promote women’s participation.
- Expand opportunities in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.
- Build a strong middle class.
- Generate quality employment.
Growth should be inclusive, equitable and democratic, not merely GDP-centric.
Wider Regional Significance
- Build resilient supply chains.
- Support ASEAN centrality.
- Promote sustainable infrastructure.
- Offer a democratic alternative to coercive development models.
Challenges
Language and cultural barriers for Indian professionals.
Need for labour mobility agreements.
Faster implementation of economic projects.
Managing regional geopolitical competition.
India–Japan partnership is strategic + economic + technological + demographic.
It represents a constructive democratic model for the Indo-Pacific.
Future priorities:
Defence technology
Semiconductor cooperation
Supply-chain resilience
Green transition
Skilled workforce mobility
Manufacturing collaboration
Rules-based Indo-Pacific governance
One-line conclusion
The true success of the India–Japan partnership will lie not merely in strategic balancing, but in creating a shared ecosystem of technology, talent, democratic values and inclusive prosperity for the Indo-Pacific.
#2B | 3 802 |
| 5 | Democratic lessons from Global South that our Opposition needs”
By Yogendra Yadav
Why Boycotting Elections is a Mistake
Democracy requires competitive elections as a minimum condition (Adam Przeworski).
Elections provide a peaceful mechanism for transfer of power.
The relevant criterion is not whether elections are perfectly free and fair, but whether there is enough democratic space to expose unfairness and mobilise public opinion.
Lessons from the Global South
1. Contest and Expose Simultaneously
Opposition parties should:
Participate in elections.
Document electoral manipulation.
Mobilise public opinion.
Use campaigns to strengthen party organisation.
2. Build Long-Term Democratic Capacity
Successful opposition movements invest in:
Grassroots organisation.
Leadership development.
Volunteer networks.
Voter outreach.
Election monitoring.
Electoral Integrity is Multi-Dimensional
Important dimensions include:
Campaign finance transparency.
Equal media access.
Freedom of assembly.
Independent Election Commission.
Fair constituency delimitation.
Equal opportunity for opposition campaigning.
Transparent vote counting.
Lessons from Comparative Politics
Drawing on Ayşe Barbara (How to Compete in Authoritarian Elections) and experiences from countries like Turkey, Venezuela, Serbia and South Africa,
Opposition parties should:
Contest elections despite disadvantages.
Build alliances.
Unite fragmented opposition.
Use elections to expose authoritarian tendencies.
Convert elections into instruments of democratic mobilisation.
Indian Context (concerns)
Electoral Bonds.
Campaign finance.
Media imbalance.
EVM-related debates.
Delimitation and institutional autonomy.
Main Recommendation
The Opposition should:
Strengthen organisational capacity.
Build grassroots networks.
Mobilise citizens.
Protect electoral institutions.
Contest every election vigorously.
Simultaneously document and publicise electoral unfairness.
Key Takeaway
Boycotting elections rarely weakens authoritarian tendencies; participating, organising, and exposing democratic deficits from within the electoral process is a far more effective strategy.
PSIR Thinkers
Adam Przeworski – Democracy requires uncertain electoral outcomes and competitive elections.
Robert Dahl – Polyarchy depends on inclusive participation and public contestation.
Larry Diamond – Electoral integrity is essential for democratic consolidation.
Steven Levitsky & Lucan Way – Competitive authoritarian regimes require opposition participation rather than withdrawal.
Pippa Norris (Why Electoral Integrity Matters): Electoral integrity encompasses the entire electoral cycle—from legal framework and campaign finance to media, voting, counting, and dispute resolution.
One-line Conclusion
Democracy is strengthened not by withdrawing from imperfect elections but by contesting them, mobilising citizens, and continuously defending the integrity of democratic institutions.
#1B #2A | 2 873 |
| 6 | New NATO Spending Targets
At recent summits, NATO members agreed to move towards spending 5% of GDP by 2035, comprising:
[3.5% of GDP on core defence capabilities (equipment, forces, operational readiness).
1.5% of GDP on defence-related investments ]
Lessons from Ukraine
- Rapid battlefield adaptation.
- Effective use of drones and AI-enabled systems.
- Integration of inexpensive commercial technologies into warfare.
- Innovation can outweigh numerical superiority.
NATO’s future effectiveness depends not on spending more alone, but on investing in innovation, industrial resilience, and modern military capabilities to deter emerging security threats.
#paper2 | 1 972 |
| 7 | India’s Indo-Pacific strategy should move beyond balancing power to building trusted partnerships that combine security, economic resilience, technology, and connectivity—creating an “arc of trust” across the region.
- Samir Saran
The Indo-Pacific is undergoing a strategic transformation due to:
- Intensifying US–China rivalry.
- Shifting global supply chains.
- Maritime security challenges.
- Technological competition.
- Economic fragmentation.
India’s approach should be based on trust, resilience, and inclusive partnerships, not bloc politics.
#2B | 1 990 |
| 8 | *Iran crisis- takeaways*
By Vikram S. Mehta
1. Declining US Security Guarantee in the Gulf
2. Chokepoints Remain Critical to Global Energy
Lessons for India:
Expand Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) from about 30 days to at least 60 days.
Diversify crude imports.
Reduce dependence on any single region.
3. Strategic Power Increasingly Depends on Technology
Modern geopolitical competition is driven by semiconductors, AI, rare earths, and advanced manufacturing, not just military strength.
Implication for India:
Invest heavily in semiconductor manufacturing, AI, critical minerals, and advanced technology to enhance national security and economic competitiveness.
4. Iran is Re-emerging as a Regional Power
India should:
Continue engagement while balancing relations with Israel, the Gulf, and the US.
Revive connectivity initiatives such as Chabahar Port and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) where feasible.
Key Takeaways for India
- Strengthen energy security through larger oil reserves and diversified imports.
- Deepen engagement with Gulf countries amid changing regional dynamics.
- Prioritise technological self-reliance (AI, semiconductors, critical minerals).
- Maintain strategic autonomy by balancing ties with Iran, Israel, the Gulf states, and the United States.
One-line takeaway:
The Iran conflict underscores that India’s future security will depend not only on diplomacy, but also on resilient energy supplies, technological capability, and a balanced multi-aligned foreign policy.
#2B | 8 309 |
| 9 | India is not a middle power but a "Power in the Middle"—a key, rising pole navigating great power rivalries to maximize its upward path toward the top tier of the international hierarchy
Response by S Jaishankar | 4 122 |
| 10 | As US reshapes its asia strategy, India must rewire its regional leadership- ajay srivastava
#indiaus #neighbourhoodfirst | 4 568 |
| 11 | JKPSC-CCE-PSIR-2025(P1+P2).pdf.pdf | 3 785 |
| 12 |  +1Use of freewill and AI in best way possible xD
IR theories explained as if we are 10 years old | 5 000 |
| 13 | “The Indo Pacific ultimately rests not on terminology, but on Asian geography and Asian power politics”
-C rajamohan | 4 926 |
| 14 |  +1Psir | 5 488 |
| 15 | It’s Time to Resume the India–China Strategic Economic Dialogue” — Sanjaya Baru
Why?
- Asia’s rise requires India–China cooperation
- India’s rise benefits Asia
- complex interdependence
- New geopolitical realities favour cooperation
- Areas of mutual benefit
Energy security
Green technologies
Non-conventional energy
Industrial cooperation
Supply-chain resilience
Infrastructure
High technology
Pharmaceuticals
How?
- Appoint a dedicated economic coordinator (“economic czar”) to ensure continuity and implementation.
“calibrated economic engagement can serve developmental priorities, reduce vulnerabilities and contribute to a more stable Asian economic order”
#2B | 4 699 |
| 16 | Features (TCC-PSIR)
✅ Toppers Answers arranged Syllabus-wise & Topic-wise with micro-segregation. (Covers both Paper I & II)
✅ Includes answers of Rankers/Highest scorers PSIR candidates from the last 6 years, including UPSC CSE 2025 toppers.
(Total 26+ Toppers are included combined for P1 & P2)
✅ Search Functionality of Questions by Keyword/Theme and Topper-wise for quick and targeted learning.(Most important feature)
✅ PYQ Navigation Bar in your personal dashboard to seamlessly navigate related PYQs (2001-2025) while studying and track your Progress.
🛑 Enroll: dashboard.thedarkhorseupsc.com
📩 Queries: @TDHAdmin
Discount valid only for the first 50 enrollments.
@darkhorsecse | 2 528 |
| 17 | #2B | 4 441 |
| 18 | Initiative taken by China-
global development initiative,
global security initiative,
global civilisation initiative,
global governance initiative.
(SDG C) | 4 687 |
| 19 | +1 P1PAsectional_AmanAloonPSIR282.pdf | 5 553 |
| 20 | #2B | 5 989 |
