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*NECO GCE GOVERNMENT*
(2a)
An unwritten constitution is one in which the fundamental principles, powers and structures of government are not contained in a single codified document. Instead, the constitution is drawn from several sources such as statutes passed by parliament, judicial decisions, long-established customs, traditions and political conventions that guide the operation of government.
OR
An unwritten constitution refers to a system where the basic laws, customs, conventions, rules and practices that govern a country are not written down together in one formal document. Rather, they exist in different sources and evolve over time through usage, court judgments and historical development.
(2b)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) No checks and balances: An unwritten constitution does not firmly establish checks and balances because the powers of each arm of government are not clearly stated in one document. This weakens the ability of the judiciary and legislature to properly control the executive, allowing government officials to overstep their boundaries.
(ii) Possibility of arbitrary government: Since many rules are based on customs and traditions rather than a fixed written law, political leaders may use their discretion to interpret these conventions in ways that favour them. This can lead to arbitrary actions, abuse of power, and decisions that are not guided by clear constitutional limits.
(iii) Encouragement of arbitrary changes: Because parliament is supreme in an unwritten constitution, it can easily change important constitutional practices without following strict amendment procedures. This flexibility, although useful, creates room for manipulation, allowing leaders to alter the rules whenever it suits their political agenda.
(iv) Not easily known by citizens: The fact that the constitution is scattered across different sources makes it difficult for ordinary citizens to know exactly what the constitution says. This lack of awareness weakens civic education and makes people less informed about their rights and obligations.
(v) No ease of reference: Since the constitution is not contained in a single document, it cannot be easily consulted or studied. Students, researchers and even government officials may have to go through many materials to understand constitutional issues, making interpretation slow and sometimes confusing.
(vi) Violation of citizens’ rights: Without a clearly written document listing fundamental rights, political leaders may tamper with citizens’ freedoms without clear restrictions. This weakens the protection of individual rights and makes it easier for governments to undermine civil liberties.
(vii) Difficulty in seeking redress: Because citizens cannot point to one clear document showing their constitutional rights, it becomes harder to challenge the government when those rights are violated. Courts may also struggle to depend on scattered conventions, which makes justice slower and sometimes less certain.
Repost from N/a
*NECO GCE GOVERNMENT*
(1)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Provision of essential services: Public corporations are established mainly to supply essential services such as electricity, water supply, transport and communication. These services are so important to the welfare and daily survival of the people that the government must ensure they are available, reliable, affordable and spread across both urban and rural areas. Without these services, national development would be slow and life would be difficult.
(ii) To prevent exploitation: If essential services are left completely in the hands of private individuals, they may charge excessively high prices or provide poor-quality services for personal gain. Since their main aim is profit, they may neglect the needs of the masses. Government-run corporations therefore help to prevent such exploitation, maintain fair pricing, and protect the public interest by placing people’s welfare above profit.
(iii) Huge capital involvement: Some projects, like building railways, dams or waterworks, require very large capital investment that private individuals may not be able or willing to provide due to the high risk and long time needed to recover costs. The government sets up public corporations to handle these capital-intensive ventures because only the state has the financial strength and long-term capacity to fund such essential national projects.
(iv) Provision of employment: One important reason for establishing public corporations is to create employment opportunities for the citizens. These corporations usually employ thousands of workers at different skill levels, from professionals to artisans. This helps to reduce unemployment, raise household income, and improve the economic well-being of many families. It also contributes to social stability.
(v) Raising people’s standard of living: When essential services such as electricity, water and transportation are provided regularly and efficiently, productivity increases, businesses grow, and life becomes more comfortable. Stable services reduce stress, save time, improve health and support education. All these factors lead to an overall improvement in the standard of living of the people and promote a better quality of life.
(vi) For economic growth: Efficient functioning of public corporations boosts industrial and commercial activities. When there is steady power supply, good transport systems and reliable communication networks, industries can operate smoothly. This encourages both local and foreign investors to invest in the economy, which in turn promotes economic growth, job creation and national development.
(vii) Strategic projects: Some industries are too sensitive or security-related to be left in private hands, such as currency printing, arms production or defence-related communication. Public corporations are created to manage these strategic sectors to protect national security and ensure that such critical services do not fall into the wrong hands. This helps maintain national stability and sovereignty.
(viii) Revenue generation: The government may also set up public corporations to generate revenue through the sale of goods and services such as electricity bills, water charges and transport fares. Profits made by these corporations can be used to fund development projects, support government programmes and strengthen the national budget. Even when profit is not the main aim, the revenue generated still assists national finances.
2025 NECO GCE CHEMISTRY THEORY AND OBJ 👆
2025 NECO CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL QUESTIONS 👆
NECO GCE MATHS
1-10: DDADCBCDDC
11-20: CBBCCCCBAB
21-30: EACECDACEB
31-40: CAADEBBBBC
41-50: CADDCCBBDC
51-60: CDBCDAAACC
