Agriculture - Genetics and Plant Breeding 🌱🌾

ASRB ARS Written Exam Result Out 2023-24

🔆DNA AND RNA ✅Genomic DNA: The complete set of genetic material in an organism, containing the instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of an organism. ✅Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): DNA found in the mitochondria, responsible for energy production within the cell, inherited maternally, and used in evolutionary studies. ✅Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): DNA found in chloroplasts, crucial for photosynthesis in plants, and used in plant evolutionary studies. ✅Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis, crucial for gene expression regulation. ✅Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, essential for translating the genetic code into proteins. ✅Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Forms part of the ribosome and plays a vital role in protein synthesis. ✅Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA): Involved in RNA splicing, which is the process of removing introns from pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA. ✅MicroRNA (miRNA): Regulates gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs for degradation or by inhibiting their translation. ✅Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA): Regulates gene expression and various cellular processes without encoding proteins, implicated in diseases and development.

Vegetative Propagation @ There are many plants in which parts like the root, stem and leaves develop into new plants under appropriate conditions. @ Unlike in most animals, plants can indeed use such a mode for reproduction. This property of vegetative propagation is used in methods such as layering or grafting to grow many plants like sugarcane, roses, or grapes for agricultural purposes. Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds. Such methods also make possible the propagation of plants such as banana, orange, rose and jasmine that have lost the capacity to produce seeds. @ Another advantage of vegetative propagation is that all plants produced are genetically similar enough to the parent plant to have all its characteristics.

🌐List of Instruments in Agriculture 🔰Altimeter - Height/altitude 🔰Monometer - Root pressure 🔰Barograph - Pressure 🔰Aneroid barometer - Atmospheric pressure 🔰Anemometer - Wind speed 🔰Wind vane - Wind direction 🔰Potometer - Transpiration 🔰Porometer - Stomatal behaviour 🔰Pycnomeyer - Specific gravity of soil 🔰Lysimeter - Evapotranspiration & leaching 🔰Pyranometer - Radiation 🔰Peizometer - Depth of water table 🔰Raingauage - Rain 🔰Darosometer - Dew 🔰Tensiometre - Soil moisture tension 🔰Therometer/thermograph- Temperature 🔰Auxanometer/crescograph- Growth of plant 🔰Lactometer- Specific gravity of milk

🌐List of Instruments in Agriculture 🔰Altimeter - Height/altitude 🔰Monometer - Root pressure 🔰Barograph - Pressure 🔰Aneroid barometer - Atmospheric pressure 🔰Anemometer - Wind speed 🔰Wind vane - Wind direction 🔰Potometer - Transpiration 🔰Porometer - Stomatal behaviour 🔰Pycnomeyer - Specific gravity of soil 🔰Lysimeter - Evapotranspiration & leaching 🔰Pyranometer - Radiation 🔰Peizometer - Depth of water table 🔰Raingauage - Rain 🔰Darosometer - Dew 🔰Tensiometre - Soil moisture tension 🔰Therometer/thermograph- Temperature 🔰Auxanometer/crescograph- Growth of plant 🔰Lactometer- Specific gravity of milk

Seed Banks @ A seed bank is a kind of gene bank that stores seeds of food crops or any rare species of plants.Seed banks protect us against the extinction of plant species due to natural catastrophes, outbreak of diseases and even deliberate non-use for a long time. Seed banks make our diminishing biodiversity available to future generations. @ Seeds in a seed bank are dried to suitably low moisture content and stored at -18°C or below. The bank also documents the plan’s identity, sampling location, seed quantity, farming systems in which the crop was grown etc. @ Svalbard Global Seed Vault is a facility on a remote island in the Arctic Ocean and it houses the world’s largest collection of seeds. The seeds can be used in event of global catastrophe or when some species is lost due to natural disasters; hence it called the doomsday vault. @ India’s seed vault is located at Chang La, Ladakh in the Himalayas which stores over 5000 seed accessions (One accession consists of a set of seeds of one species collected from different locations or different populations). @ The vault is a joint venture of National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (which comes under Indian Council of Agriculture Research) and the Defense Institute of High Altitude Research (under Defense Research and Development Organization).

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