Agriculture - Genetics and Plant Breeding 🌱🌾
Kanalga Telegram’da o‘tish
✌️"Breeder is Leader in Agriculture"✌️ #Genetics #Plant_breeding #agriculture #Botany #GPB #PBG #Breeding #plantscience #plant_science #science #jrf #horticulture
Ko'proq ko'rsatish8 654
Obunachilar
+424 soatlar
+157 kunlar
+8530 kunlar
Ma'lumot yuklanmoqda...
O'xshash kanallar
Taglar buluti
Kirish va chiqish esdaliklari
---
---
---
---
---
---
Obunachilarni jalb qilish
Iyul '26
Iyul '26
+147
0 kanalda
Iyun '26
+156
0 kanalda
Get PRO
May '26
+214
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Aprel '26
+161
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Mart '26
+115
2 kanalda
Get PRO
Fevral '26
+95
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Yanvar '26
+179
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Dekabr '25
+161
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Noyabr '25
+183
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Oktabr '25
+62
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Sentabr '25
+35
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Avgust '25
+66
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyul '25
+48
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyun '25
+48
1 kanalda
Get PRO
May '25
+43
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Aprel '25
+43
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Mart '25
+65
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Fevral '25
+35
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Yanvar '25
+49
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Dekabr '24
+135
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Noyabr '24
+346
1 kanalda
Get PRO
Oktabr '24
+362
1 kanalda
Get PRO
Sentabr '24
+303
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Avgust '24
+390
1 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyul '24
+410
1 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyun '24
+425
0 kanalda
Get PRO
May '24
+446
1 kanalda
Get PRO
Aprel '24
+436
1 kanalda
Get PRO
Mart '24
+455
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Fevral '24
+342
2 kanalda
Get PRO
Yanvar '24
+231
2 kanalda
Get PRO
Dekabr '23
+201
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Noyabr '23
+141
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Oktabr '23
+188
1 kanalda
Get PRO
Sentabr '23
+183
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Avgust '23
+218
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyul '23
+214
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyun '23
+213
0 kanalda
Get PRO
May '23
+268
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Aprel '23
+320
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Mart '23
+257
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Fevral '23
+229
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Yanvar '23
+275
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Dekabr '22
+261
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Noyabr '22
+224
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Oktabr '22
+184
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Sentabr '22
+224
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Avgust '22
+282
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyul '22
+226
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyun '22
+162
0 kanalda
Get PRO
May '22
+159
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Aprel '22
+132
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Mart '22
+189
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Fevral '22
+111
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Yanvar '22
+180
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Dekabr '21
+89
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Noyabr '21
+46
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Oktabr '21
+53
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Sentabr '21
+36
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Avgust '21
+59
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyul '21
+60
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Iyun '21
+61
0 kanalda
Get PRO
May '21
+55
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Aprel '21
+87
0 kanalda
Get PRO
Mart '21
+358
0 kanalda
| Sana | Obunachilarni jalb qilish | Esdaliklar | Kanallar | |
| 25 Iyul | +8 | |||
| 24 Iyul | +4 | |||
| 23 Iyul | +9 | |||
| 22 Iyul | +6 | |||
| 21 Iyul | +3 | |||
| 20 Iyul | +3 | |||
| 19 Iyul | +3 | |||
| 18 Iyul | +7 | |||
| 17 Iyul | +7 | |||
| 16 Iyul | +4 | |||
| 15 Iyul | +9 | |||
| 14 Iyul | +7 | |||
| 13 Iyul | +8 | |||
| 12 Iyul | +9 | |||
| 11 Iyul | +5 | |||
| 10 Iyul | +3 | |||
| 09 Iyul | +6 | |||
| 08 Iyul | +5 | |||
| 07 Iyul | +9 | |||
| 06 Iyul | +6 | |||
| 05 Iyul | +5 | |||
| 04 Iyul | +10 | |||
| 03 Iyul | +7 | |||
| 02 Iyul | +1 | |||
| 01 Iyul | +3 |
Kanal postlari
| 2 | Question Bank on Fundamentals of Plant Breeding.pdf | 382 |
| 3 |  Matn yo'q... | 388 |
| 4 |  Matn yo'q... | 387 |
| 5 |  Matn yo'q... | 352 |
| 6 | *PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING*
*Plant breeding*: It is an applied branch of botany dealing with improvement of agricultural crops.
OR Frankel (1958) defined as Genetic adjustment of plants to the service of man.
Contribution of Scientist
Dr. T. Venkatraman: Father of Indian Plant Breeding.
1. Camerarius: Established the sex in plants for first time in 1694.
2. Thomas Fairchild: First artificial plant hybrid (1717) Sweet William x Carnation
Hybrid famous as "Fairchild's Mule"
3. Joseph Koelreuter (1760-66): Systemic study of hybridization in Tobacco.
4. Thomas Knight: First man to use artifical hybridization in fruit crop. to develop several fruit Varieties.
5. Le Couteur & Patric Shireff (1840): Individual plant selection and progeny test to developed some useful cereal varieties.
6. Vilmorin (1856): Further developed Progeny Test in imporvement of sugarbeet.
7. Nilson& his associates: developed individual plant selection method.
8. Johanssen : Proposed the pure line theary for individual plant selection.
9. GH. Shull : He developed the single cross hybrid in maize for first time.
10. Donald Jones (1918) ldea of double cross.
11. Hayes & Garber (1919) : Suggest possibillty of utilization of synthetic varities in maize
12. Rhodes: recorded male sterlity in maize for first time (1933).
13. Davis (1927): Used "Top cross" tor first ime
14. Hul (1945): Sugessted recurrent selection.
15. Jenson (1952) Put fourth the idea of Multiline varieties.
16. Borlaug (1953): Developed Multiline varieties to control rust resistance in wheat.
17. Maheswari & Gunah (1964): Produce haploid plants 'invitro' from pollen grain of Datura
18. Yuvan long ping (1976): Male sterility in rice for the first time in China and produced firist hybrid rice in 1981, called as Father of Hybrid Rice. | 376 |
| 7 | #PLANT_PHYSIOLOGY
🔘One linear of photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration🔘
➡️Glycolysis occurs in the part of cell Ans. Cytoplasm
➡️Krebs cycle & ETC occurs in
Ans. Mitochondria
➡️Glycolysis is a type of reaction
Ans. Anaerobic
➡️Final product of glycolysis is
Ans. Pyruyate
➡️Kerbs cycle starts with
Ans. Acetyl COA & Oxaloacetate
➡️ Energy content of molecule of glucose is
Ans. 684 K.Cal.
➡️Total ATP synthesis from one 2 X 2 molecule of glucose in respiration
Ans. 36 ATP (Net gain), Gross – 38 ATP
➡️Total ATP synthesis in glycolysis is Ans. 8 ATP (Net gain – 2ATP)
➡️Light or hill reaction takes place in Ans. Grana of chloroplast
➡️Dark reaction or Calvin cycle takes place in
Ans. Stroma of chloroplast
➡️First enzyme in CO2 fixation in C3 plants
Ans. Rubisco
➡️First enzyme in CO2 fixation in C4 plants is
Ans. PEP Carboxylase
➡️ Highest water use efficiency is seen ____ plants.
Ans. CAM > C4 > C3
➡️Kranz type leaf anatomy found in Ans. C4 plants
➡️ Calvin cycle & Hatch – slack pathway occurs in _ cell organelle.
Ans. Chloroplast
➡️ Photosynthetic rate is highest in Ans. C4 plants
➡️ Harvest Index in cereals is
Ans. 0.4 – 0.5
➡️Harvest Index in pulses
Ans. 0.2 – 0.3
➡️First product of photosynthesis in C3 plants is
Ans. 3 PGA
➡️Most abundant protein in the world Ans. Rubisco | 1 040 |
| 8 | 2026 agriculture current affair.pdf | 1 097 |
| 9 | OPSC AHO 062627.pdf | 1 072 |
| 10 | APEDA Question Paper 2026.pdf | 1 068 |
| 11 |  Matn yo'q... | 1 049 |
| 12 |  Matn yo'q... | 839 |
| 13 |  Matn yo'q... | 826 |
| 14 | PLANT BREEDING
In random mating populations the inbreeding coefficient ‘F’ is? *0*
Phenotypic ratio of Monocross hybrid? *3:01*
_% of moisture is ideal for certified seeds of Rice? *13%*
For every generation of selfing heterozygosity is reduced at a rate of? *50%*
The minimum germination percentage prescribed as for cucumber seed is? *60%*
Composition of unsaturated fatty acid in sunflower oil is? *85%*
5 inbred lines will lead to ……. no. of single crosses.? *10*
What is possible number of straight crosses along with reciprocals with 10 inbred lines is? *90*
_no. of seeds are normally used in Ragdoll method of testing germination? *100*
Adoptive Research Trails are conducted in? *0.5 acre area.*
1 mapunit or 1 cm is equal to? *1000 kb DNA in man*
In Initial Evaluation Trail (IET’s) the trails are conducted in? *10-12 locations*
Minimum “Isolation distance” for wheat, Barley, Rice, Groundnut and soybean Foundation seed? *3 meter*
The process of Quarantine takes at least? *3 weeks time*
In Rag doll method of testing seed germination, flannel clothes used is of size? *35cm x 27.5cm.*
Isolation distance to be followed while cultivating Rice for certified seeds is_ _? *3m*
Phenotypic ratio of Dicross hybrid? *9:3:3:1*
How many kind of cells are found in living world? *2 (Eukaryote and Prokaryote)*
A chemical used to test the viability of seeds? *2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride*
De oxy ribose sugar lacks oxygen atom at? *21 carbon position*
In Uniform Regional Trails (URT’s) the trails are conducted at? *25-30 locations*
The possible number of secondary trisomics in rice is? *2n*
_is the optimum moisture percentage for storage of seeds of? *Amaranthus 8%*
Deficiency in chromosome 5 in humans leads to? *Cri-du-chat syndrome*
The Ideotype which performs best in commercial crop
densities is? *Crop Ideotype*
Composite variety is developed by? *Cross pollination*
Exchange of homologous segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is? *Crossing over*
Removal of RNA primer during DNA replication in prokaryotes is done by? *DNA pol-1*
The Dot blot technique helps in detection of? *DNA sequence*
Process of bringing wild species under human management is referred as? *Domestication* | 909 |
| 15 | Notes on Inheritance and Variation
✍️Numerical aberrations of chromosomes:
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosome. Variations or numerical changes in chromosomes (Heteroploidy) can be mainly of two types:
(1) Euploidy: The somatic chromosome number in euploids is the exact multiple of basic haploid number. In euploidy an organism acquires an additional set of chromosomes over and above the diploid complement.
(a) Monoploidy or haploidy: Monoploids possess only one set or single basic set of chromosomes. Haploids on the other hand have half the somatic chromosome number. In diploid organisms monoploids and haploids are identical while in a tetra-or hexaploid with 4n or 6n chromosomes the haploids will possess 2n or 3n chromosome whereas its monoploid will possess only one set (n) of chromosome.
(b) Diploidy: The common chromosome number in the somatic cells of plants and animals.
(c) Polyploidy: Organism with more than two sets of chromosomes are known as polyploids. It may be triploid with three sets of chromosomes (3n) or tetraploid with four sets of chromosome (4n) and so on.
(2) Aneuploidy: Aneuploidy is the term applied for the chromosomal mutations involving only a part of a set, i.e., loss (hypoploidy) or addition (hyperploidy) of one or more chromosomes. Aneuploidy may result from non disjunction of chromosome during cell division.
(a) Monosomy: Diploid organism that are missing one chromosome of a single pair with genomic formula 2n – 1. Monosomics can form two kinds of gametes, (n) and (n –1).
(b) Nullisomy: An organism that has lost a chromsome pair is nullisomic. The result is usually lethal to diploids (2n – 2).
(c) Trisomy: Diploids which have extra chromosome represented by the chromosomal formula 2n + 1. One of the pairs of chromosomes has an extra member, so that a trivalent may be formed during meiotic prophase.
(d) Tetrasomy: In tetrasomic individual particular chromosome of the haploid set is represented four times in a diploid chromosomal complement. The general chromosomal formula for tetrasomics is 2n + 2 rather than 2n + 1+ 1. The formula 2n + 1 + 1 represents a double trisomic.
✍️Types of aneuploidy: Aneuploidy may be of following types on the basis of chromosomes involved in non disjunction.
(a) Aneuploidy involving non-disjunction in sex chromosomes: This kind of aneuploidy is brought about due to non-disjunction in sex chromosomes. It may lead to following types of syndromes:
(1) Turner’s syndrome: Such persons are monosomic for sex chromosomes i.e. possess only one X and no Y chromosome (XO). In other words they have chromosome number 2n – 1 = 45. They are phenotypic females but are sterile because they have under developed reproductive organs. They are dwarf about 4 feet 10 inches and are flat chested with wide spread nipples of mammary glands which never enlarge like those in normal woman. They develop as normal female in childhood but at adolescence their ovaries remain under developed. They lack female hormone estrogen. About one out of every 5,000 female births results in Turner’s syndrome. | 932 |
| 16 | Namo Drone Didi 2026.pdf | 1 337 |
| 17 | NFSNM.pdf | 1 327 |
| 18 | PM KISAN Scheme 2026.pdf | 1 385 |
| 19 |  Matn yo'q... | 1 429 |
| 20 |  Matn yo'q... | 1 170 |
