Agriculture - Genetics and Plant Breeding 🌱🌾
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✌️"Breeder is Leader in Agriculture"✌️ #Genetics #Plant_breeding #agriculture #Botany #GPB #PBG #Breeding #plantscience #plant_science #science #jrf #horticulture
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Kanal postlari
#PLANT_PHYSIOLOGY
🔘One linear of photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration🔘
➡️Glycolysis occurs in the part of cell Ans. Cytoplasm
➡️Krebs cycle & ETC occurs in
Ans. Mitochondria
➡️Glycolysis is a type of reaction
Ans. Anaerobic
➡️Final product of glycolysis is
Ans. Pyruyate
➡️Kerbs cycle starts with
Ans. Acetyl COA & Oxaloacetate
➡️ Energy content of molecule of glucose is
Ans. 684 K.Cal.
➡️Total ATP synthesis from one 2 X 2 molecule of glucose in respiration
Ans. 36 ATP (Net gain), Gross – 38 ATP
➡️Total ATP synthesis in glycolysis is Ans. 8 ATP (Net gain – 2ATP)
➡️Light or hill reaction takes place in Ans. Grana of chloroplast
➡️Dark reaction or Calvin cycle takes place in
Ans. Stroma of chloroplast
➡️First enzyme in CO2 fixation in C3 plants
Ans. Rubisco
➡️First enzyme in CO2 fixation in C4 plants is
Ans. PEP Carboxylase
➡️ Highest water use efficiency is seen ____ plants.
Ans. CAM > C4 > C3
➡️Kranz type leaf anatomy found in Ans. C4 plants
➡️ Calvin cycle & Hatch – slack pathway occurs in _ cell organelle.
Ans. Chloroplast
➡️ Photosynthetic rate is highest in Ans. C4 plants
➡️ Harvest Index in cereals is
Ans. 0.4 – 0.5
➡️Harvest Index in pulses
Ans. 0.2 – 0.3
➡️First product of photosynthesis in C3 plants is
Ans. 3 PGA
➡️Most abundant protein in the world Ans. Rubisco
| 2 | 2026 agriculture current affair.pdf | 821 |
| 3 | OPSC AHO 062627.pdf | 794 |
| 4 | APEDA Question Paper 2026.pdf | 790 |
| 5 |  Matn yo'q... | 785 |
| 6 |  Matn yo'q... | 628 |
| 7 |  Matn yo'q... | 599 |
| 8 | PLANT BREEDING
In random mating populations the inbreeding coefficient ‘F’ is? *0*
Phenotypic ratio of Monocross hybrid? *3:01*
_% of moisture is ideal for certified seeds of Rice? *13%*
For every generation of selfing heterozygosity is reduced at a rate of? *50%*
The minimum germination percentage prescribed as for cucumber seed is? *60%*
Composition of unsaturated fatty acid in sunflower oil is? *85%*
5 inbred lines will lead to ……. no. of single crosses.? *10*
What is possible number of straight crosses along with reciprocals with 10 inbred lines is? *90*
_no. of seeds are normally used in Ragdoll method of testing germination? *100*
Adoptive Research Trails are conducted in? *0.5 acre area.*
1 mapunit or 1 cm is equal to? *1000 kb DNA in man*
In Initial Evaluation Trail (IET’s) the trails are conducted in? *10-12 locations*
Minimum “Isolation distance” for wheat, Barley, Rice, Groundnut and soybean Foundation seed? *3 meter*
The process of Quarantine takes at least? *3 weeks time*
In Rag doll method of testing seed germination, flannel clothes used is of size? *35cm x 27.5cm.*
Isolation distance to be followed while cultivating Rice for certified seeds is_ _? *3m*
Phenotypic ratio of Dicross hybrid? *9:3:3:1*
How many kind of cells are found in living world? *2 (Eukaryote and Prokaryote)*
A chemical used to test the viability of seeds? *2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride*
De oxy ribose sugar lacks oxygen atom at? *21 carbon position*
In Uniform Regional Trails (URT’s) the trails are conducted at? *25-30 locations*
The possible number of secondary trisomics in rice is? *2n*
_is the optimum moisture percentage for storage of seeds of? *Amaranthus 8%*
Deficiency in chromosome 5 in humans leads to? *Cri-du-chat syndrome*
The Ideotype which performs best in commercial crop
densities is? *Crop Ideotype*
Composite variety is developed by? *Cross pollination*
Exchange of homologous segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is? *Crossing over*
Removal of RNA primer during DNA replication in prokaryotes is done by? *DNA pol-1*
The Dot blot technique helps in detection of? *DNA sequence*
Process of bringing wild species under human management is referred as? *Domestication* | 665 |
| 9 | Notes on Inheritance and Variation
✍️Numerical aberrations of chromosomes:
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosome. Variations or numerical changes in chromosomes (Heteroploidy) can be mainly of two types:
(1) Euploidy: The somatic chromosome number in euploids is the exact multiple of basic haploid number. In euploidy an organism acquires an additional set of chromosomes over and above the diploid complement.
(a) Monoploidy or haploidy: Monoploids possess only one set or single basic set of chromosomes. Haploids on the other hand have half the somatic chromosome number. In diploid organisms monoploids and haploids are identical while in a tetra-or hexaploid with 4n or 6n chromosomes the haploids will possess 2n or 3n chromosome whereas its monoploid will possess only one set (n) of chromosome.
(b) Diploidy: The common chromosome number in the somatic cells of plants and animals.
(c) Polyploidy: Organism with more than two sets of chromosomes are known as polyploids. It may be triploid with three sets of chromosomes (3n) or tetraploid with four sets of chromosome (4n) and so on.
(2) Aneuploidy: Aneuploidy is the term applied for the chromosomal mutations involving only a part of a set, i.e., loss (hypoploidy) or addition (hyperploidy) of one or more chromosomes. Aneuploidy may result from non disjunction of chromosome during cell division.
(a) Monosomy: Diploid organism that are missing one chromosome of a single pair with genomic formula 2n – 1. Monosomics can form two kinds of gametes, (n) and (n –1).
(b) Nullisomy: An organism that has lost a chromsome pair is nullisomic. The result is usually lethal to diploids (2n – 2).
(c) Trisomy: Diploids which have extra chromosome represented by the chromosomal formula 2n + 1. One of the pairs of chromosomes has an extra member, so that a trivalent may be formed during meiotic prophase.
(d) Tetrasomy: In tetrasomic individual particular chromosome of the haploid set is represented four times in a diploid chromosomal complement. The general chromosomal formula for tetrasomics is 2n + 2 rather than 2n + 1+ 1. The formula 2n + 1 + 1 represents a double trisomic.
✍️Types of aneuploidy: Aneuploidy may be of following types on the basis of chromosomes involved in non disjunction.
(a) Aneuploidy involving non-disjunction in sex chromosomes: This kind of aneuploidy is brought about due to non-disjunction in sex chromosomes. It may lead to following types of syndromes:
(1) Turner’s syndrome: Such persons are monosomic for sex chromosomes i.e. possess only one X and no Y chromosome (XO). In other words they have chromosome number 2n – 1 = 45. They are phenotypic females but are sterile because they have under developed reproductive organs. They are dwarf about 4 feet 10 inches and are flat chested with wide spread nipples of mammary glands which never enlarge like those in normal woman. They develop as normal female in childhood but at adolescence their ovaries remain under developed. They lack female hormone estrogen. About one out of every 5,000 female births results in Turner’s syndrome. | 816 |
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| 16 | 🔘 Inheritance and Variation 🔘
♦️Mendel’s Law of Inheritance♦️
(1) Mendelism means experiments performed by Mendel on genetics.
(2) Mendel’s experiment involved 4 steps as selection, hybridization, selfing and calculations. His results led to the formation of laws of genetics later.
(3) Mendel performed monohybrid and dihybrid crosses and gave three principles of inheritance.
(4) Mendel’s three principles of inheritance are:
(i) Law of dominance
(ii) Law of segregation or law of purity of gametes
(iii) Law of independent assortment
(5) Law of Dominance: The dominant characters are expressed when factors are in heterozygous condition.
(6) The recessive characters are only expressed in homozygous conditions. The characters never blend in heterozygous condition. A recessive character that was not expressed in heterozygous condition may be expressed again when it becomes homozygous.
(7) Law/Principle of segregation states that when a pair of contrasting factor or gene is brought together in a hybrid, these factors do not blend or mix up but simply associate themselves and remain together and separate at the time of gamete formation.
(8) Principle of independent assortment states that genes of different characters located in different pairs of chromosomes are independent of one another in this segregation during gamete formation.
(9) Test Cross: A cross between F1 hybrid (Aa) and its homozygous recessive parent (aa) is called Test Cross. This cross is called test cross because it helps to find out whether the given dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.
(10) Monohybrid cross: When we consider the inheritance of one character at a time in a cross, this is called monohybrid cross.
(11) Dihybrid Cross: A cross made to study the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting traits. | 1 135 |
| 17 | AgriAddict Agricultural Current affairs 2026.pdf | 1 483 |
| 18 | #GENETICS
🔘 MITOSIS 🔘
✅The term mitosis was coined by Flemming in 1882.
✅Mitosis refers to the spindle using nuclear division which produces two identical daughter nuclei from the parent nucleus.
✅Mitosis results in formation of two daughter cells from a single mother cell.
✅Since mitosis occurs in somatic cells, and it leads to growth of vegetative parts.
✅It is also known as somatic cell division or equational division.
✅Segregation and recombination do not take place during mítosis.
🔘 Cell cycle 🔘
✅The period in which one cycle of cell division is completed is called cell cycle.
✅It is divided in to Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis.
☑️A. Interphase:
It is the longest stage of cell cycle. Generally known as DNA synthesis phase.
Further divided into three sub stages.
✅a.G1
It is pre-DNA replication phase. Protein & RNA synthesis takes place during this phase.
✅b. S-phase:
The chromosome and DNA replications take place during this phase.
✅c. G2:
Post-DNA replication phase.
Protein and RNA synthesis occur during this phase.
✅B. Mitotic phase:
1. Prophase:
Chromosomes look like thin thread and uncoiled in the early prophase and become short and condensed during late prophase.
The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear at the end of prophase.
Prophase is the longest phase of mitosis.
✅2. Metaphase:
Nucleolus disappear.The spindle tubes are formed and chromosomes are oriented in the centre at equatorial plate.
Shortest and thickest state of chromosomes.
Chromosomes are clearly visible at metaphase.
✅3. Anaphase
Chromatids separate at the centromere and move towards opposite sides or pole.
Chromosomes are most condensed at anaphase.
It is the smallest stage of mitosis.
✅4. Telophase:
Chromosomes teaches opposite sides.
Nucleolus reappears during this phase.
✅C. Cytokinesis:
The division of nucleus is known as karyokinesis.
It is followed by division of cytoplasm, which is known as cytokinesis.
Division of cytoplasm results in formation of two daughters cells. | 1 554 |
| 19 |  Matn yo'q... | 1 082 |
| 20 |  Matn yo'q... | 1 172 |
