UPSC Mains Notes

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*🛡️HIGHEST MANGROVE cover with States/ UT🇮🇳* ♟️1. West Bengal ♟️2. Gujarat ♟️3. A and N ♟️4. Andhra Pradesh ♟️5. Maharashtra

*🪄Correct order to river from North to South* *⚠️Trick:-* " I am JhaCass Respected BosS " ♟️I : Indus ♟️J : Jehlum ♟️C : Chenab ♟️R : Ravi ♟️B : Beas ♟️S : Satluj

🛡️ *Classification of Solar Flares* Solar flares are classified based on their peak brightness in X-ray wavelengths into five categories:- ♟️ *X-class* The most powerful flares, capable of causing significant radio blackouts and radiation storms. ♟️ *M-class* Medium-sized flares that can cause brief radio blackouts, mainly affecting polar regions. ♟️ *C-class* Minor flares with minimal impact on Earth. ♟️ *B-class* Weaker than C-class flares. ♟️ *A-class* The weakest flares, with negligible effects

*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment* ♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971 ♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973 ♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987 ♟️Vienna Convention - 1988 ♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992 ♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992 ♟️Basel Convention - 1989 ♟️Rio Summit - 1992 ♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000 ♟️UN-REDD - 2008 ♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010 ♟️Minamata Convention - 2013 ♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994 ♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997 ♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

*🇮🇳Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (PM-VBRY)🇮🇳* ♟️ PM disbursed ₹2,400 crore as incentives under PM-VBRY to boost formal employment generation. ♟️ Launched: 1 August 2025 ♟️ Ministry: Ministry of Labour & Employment ♟️ Implementation Agency: Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) under the EPF & MP Act, 1952 ♟️ Aim: Generate over 3.5 crore jobs in a 2-year period through employment-linked incentives. ♟️ Encourages participation of both employees and employers in the formal economy. ♟️ Promotes job creation, social security coverage, and formal workforce expansion. First-time Employees: Incentive of up to ₹15,000. ♟️ Employers: Incentive of up to ₹3,000 per month for every additional employee hired. ♟️ Boosts formal employment and EPFO enrolment. ♟️ Encourages industries to create new jobs. ♟️ Strengthens social security coverage for workers. ♟️ Supports the vision of Viksit Bharat through employment-led growth.

*🛡️Mountain Ranges (North to South)* *💎​Trick:-* Kal Ladakh Jaa Par Don Shiva Aati Vah Saat Nari Aayi Chai pe. *💎(Translation:-* Go to Ladakh tomorrow, but Don Shiva comes there; those seven women came for tea.) *💎​Decoding the Trick:-* ​--- The Himalayan & Northern Ranges --- ♟️ K: Karakoram Range ♟️ L: Ladakh Range ♟️ J: Zaskar Range (Remember 'J' for Zaskar/Zanskar) ♟️ P: Pir Panjal Range ♟️ D: Dhauladhar Range ♟️ S: Shiwalik Range ​--- Central & Southern Ranges --- ♟️ A: Aravalli Range ♟️ V: Vindhya Range ♟️ S: Satpura Range ♟️ N: Nilgiri Hills ♟️ A: Anaimalai Hills ♟️ C: Cardamom Hills.

🛡️ *Schools of Indian Philosophy* ♟️During the later Vedic period, definite ideas and philosophies about the true nature of soul or Atman and the cosmic principle or Brahman who represented the ultimate reality were developed. ♟️These Vedic philosophical concepts later on gave rise to various schools of philosophies called Shada Darshana. ♟️They fall in the category of the orthodox system, as the final authority of the Vedas is recognised by all of them. ♟️The orthodox schools of Indian philosophy are as follows: 💎 *Samkhya system* ♟️Propounded by Kapil Muni, this philosophy holds that reality is constituted of two principles- one female and the other male i.e., Prakriti and Purusha respectively. ♟️It tries to establish a relationship between Purusha and Prakriti to explain the creation of the universe. 💎 *Yoga* ♟️The origin of yoga is found in the Yogasutra of Patanjali believed to have been written in the second century BC. ♟️By purifying and controlling changes in the mental mechanism, yoga systematically brings about the release of purusha from prakriti. ♟️Yogic techniques control the body, mind and sense organs. ♟️Thus, this philosophy is also considered a means of achieving freedom or mukti. 💎 *Nyaya* ♟️Gautama is said to be the author of the Nyaya Sutras. ♟️Nyaya is considered as a technique of logical thinking. ♟️The school holds that there are four valid means of knowledge: 1. perception (pratyaksha), 2. inference (anumana), 3. comparison (upamana), and 4. sound, or testimony (shabda). 💎 *Vaisheshika* ♟️Kanada wrote the basic text of Vaisheshika philosophy. ♟️Vaisheshika system is considered as the realistic and objective philosophy of the universe. ♟️It believes that all objects of the universe are composed of five elements–earth, water, air, fire and ether. ♟️Further, God is the guiding principle and the living beings are rewarded or punished according to the law of karma. 💎 *Mimamsa* ♟️Mimamsa philosophy is basically the analysis of interpretation, application and the use of the text of the Samhita and Brahmana portions of the Vedas. ♟️According to the philosophy, Vedas are eternal and possess all knowledge, and religion means the fulfilment of duties prescribed by the Vedas. 💎 *Vedanta* ♟️Vedanta implies the philosophy of the Upanishad, the concluding portion of the Vedas. ♟️It also believes that there is no distinction between the Brahman and the self. ♟️Shankaracharya believes that the Brahman is existent, unchanging, the highest truth and the ultimate knowledge. ♟️The knowledge of the Brahman is the essence of all things and the ultimate existence. Apart from these orthodox schools, there are also unorthodox schools of Indian philosophy, such as: 💎 *Charvaka/Lokayata* ♟️This school does not accept the authority of Vedas. ♟️It is a materialistic, sceptical and atheistic school of thought, which believes that there is no other world. ♟️Hence, death is the end of humans and pleasure is the ultimate object in life. 💎 *Buddhism* ♟️It is a non-theistic philosophy whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of God. ♟️Buddha gave the concept of “four noble truths” and expounded the “ashtangika marg”. 💎 *Jainism* ♟️A basic principle of Jainism is anekantavada, the idea that reality is perceived differently from different points of view, and that no single point of view is completely true. ♟️According to it, only the Kevalins (those who have infinite knowledge) can know the true answer, and all others would only know a part of the answer.

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