Kersa Senior secondary school [E.H]🕒✍️✍🏼🔐👩‍🎓

GEOMORPHOLOGY TERMS Geomorphology: The study of landforms and the processes that shape the Earth’s surface. 1. Weathering Breakdown of rocks at or near Earth’s surface in place. 2. Erosion Removal and transport of rock or soil by water, wind, ice, or waves. 3. Deposition Settling of sediments in a new place by water, wind, ice, or gravity. 4. Denudation Overall lowering and wearing away of Earth’s surface through weathering, erosion, and mass wasting. 5. Mass Wasting Downward movement of soil and rock mainly due to gravity. 6. Fault A fracture in Earth’s crust along which movement has occurred. 7. Fold Bending or deformation of rock layers, mainly caused by tectonic forces. 8. Plateau An elevated area of relatively flat or gently rolling land, often bounded by steep slopes. 9. Plain A broad area of relatively flat or gently rolling lowland with little relief. 10. Mountain A large, elevated landform that rises prominently above its surroundings. 11. Valley A low area between hills or mountains, often containing a river or stream. 12. Rift Valley A long, narrow depression formed by crustal extension and faulting. 13. Volcano An opening in Earth’s crust through which magma, ash, and gases erupt or have erupted. 14. Lava Molten rock that erupts onto Earth’s surface. 15. Magma Molten rock located beneath Earth’s surface. 16. Delta A landform of sediment deposited at or near the mouth of a river, often where it enters a lake or sea. 17. Meander A curve or bend in a river channel. 18. Waterfall A steep or nearly vertical drop in a river or stream channel. 19. Floodplain A flat or gently sloping area beside a river, formed mainly by repeated flooding and deposition. 20. Levee A natural raised embankment along a riverbank, formed mainly by deposition during floods. 21. Glacier A slow-moving, persistent mass of ice that flows over land. 22. Cirque A bowl-shaped hollow or depression carved by glacial erosion. 23. Moraine An accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris deposited by a glacier. 24. Drumlin An elongated, streamlined hill composed mainly of glacial till, shaped beneath moving ice. 25. Esker A long, winding ridge of sand and gravel deposited by meltwater streams flowing beneath or within a glacier. 26. Sand Dune A hill or ridge of sand formed mainly by wind deposition. 27. Yardang A streamlined, elongated ridge carved by wind erosion in arid regions. 28. Mushroom Rock A rock pedestal formed by differential wind erosion, commonly in desert environments. 29. Sea Cliff A steep rock face along a coast formed mainly by wave erosion. 30. Beach An accumulation of sand, gravel, pebbles, or other sediments along a shore.

The human ear is a complex sensory organ made up of multiple structures that work together for hearing and balance. The outer ear collects sound and directs it through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum). Vibrations are transmitted through the middle-ear ossicles the malleus, incus, and stapes to the inner ear, where the cochlea converts sound vibrations into nerve signals. The semicircular canals and vestibular system help maintain balance, while the auditory and vestibular nerves carry sensory information to the brain.

How oxygen travels from the lungs to the blood

All Important Micro Economics Terms

Theory of Hybridization and Mole Concept Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals of similar energies to form new, equivalent hybrid orbitals. It explains the shapes and bond angles of molecules. The common types are sp (linear, 180°), sp² (trigonal planar, 120°), sp³ (tetrahedral, 109.5°), sp³d (trigonal bipyramidal), and sp³d² (octahedral). The number of hybrid orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals mixed. The mole concept measures the amount of substance. One mole contains 6.022 × 10²³ elementary entities, such as atoms, molecules, or ions. Molar mass expresses the mass of one mole in grams per mole (g/mol).

🔥 ZERO CONDITIONAL: What ALWAYS happens when something happens? “If you heat ice, it melts.” Why do we use “melts” instead of “will melt”? Because this sentence is NOT predicting the future. It describes a fact, rule, routine, or result that is generally true. Welcome to the ZERO CONDITIONAL. 👇 --- 🧠 WHAT IS THE ZERO CONDITIONAL? We use the Zero Conditional when one situation always or generally produces the same result. Think: CONDITION → RESULT ✅ BASIC STRUCTURE If + Present Simple, Present Simple Examples: - If you heat ice, it melts. - If water reaches 100°C, it boils. - If people don't drink water, they become thirsty. - If you mix blue and yellow, you get green. - If I drink coffee at night, I can't sleep. Notice something important: 👉 Both clauses normally use the Present Simple. --- 🎯 THE SECRET: IT'S NOT ABOUT THE FUTURE Compare: ❌ If I study tonight, I will feel tired. This is a possible future result → First Conditional ✅ If I don't sleep enough, I feel tired. This describes a general result → Zero Conditional The question is: Is this a general truth or a particular future possibility? That hidden question helps you choose the correct conditional. --- 💬 REAL-LIFE ENGLISH A: Why do you always bring an umbrella? B: If it rains, I get wet! 😂 That's a general truth. Another example: A: Why don't you eat spicy food? B: If I eat spicy food, my stomach hurts. --- ⚠️ COMMON MISTAKES ❌ If you heat ice, it will melt. ✅ If you heat ice, it melts. ❌ If people don't drink water, they will become thirsty. ✅ If people don't drink water, they become thirsty. ❌ If you mix red and blue, you will get purple. ✅ If you mix red and blue, you get purple. The “will” version can sometimes be possible if you're talking about a particular future situation, but for a general rule or fact, the Zero Conditional normally uses the present simple in both clauses. --- 🔄 YOU CAN CHANGE THE ORDER Both are correct: ✅ If you heat ice, it melts. ✅ Ice melts if you heat it. When the if-clause comes first, we normally use a comma. --- 🚫 “IF” ISN'T THE ONLY OPTION We can also use when when the result is expected every time: When you heat ice, it melts. Compare: If you heat ice, it melts. → focuses on the condition. When you heat ice, it melts. → emphasizes that this happens whenever the condition occurs. --- 📚 ZERO CONDITIONAL FOR IELTS You can use the Zero Conditional when explaining: 🌱 scientific facts 🌍 environmental effects 👥 social behavior 📚 learning principles 💼 workplace procedures For example: «If students practice regularly, they improve their speaking skills.» Or: «If people use public transportation, they reduce the number of cars on the road.» These statements describe general relationships, not one specific future event. --- 🧠 REMEMBER THIS! ZERO = FACT 👉 If + Present Simple → Present Simple Condition → General Result If you don't water plants, they die. Not a prediction. Not an imaginary situation. It's a general truth. --- 🎯 YOUR TURN! Choose the correct answer: 1. If you heat water to 100°C, it ___ . A. will boil B. boils 2. If I drink too much coffee, I ___ nervous. A. feel B. will feel 3. If people don't sleep enough, they ___ tired. A. become B. will become Comment your answers below! 👇 Then write your own Zero Conditional sentence. Example: “If I don't eat breakfast, I feel hungry before lunch.”