Civil Services Pdf Notes

*🛡️Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)* ♟️The Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by the President of India and can be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds that a Judge of the Supreme Court is removed. ♟️The person appointed to this office should take an oath of office before the President or any other person appointed by the office of the President. ♟️The salary, service conditions, leaves of absence, pension and age of retirement are determined by the Parliament of India and specified in the Second Schedule such that the service conditions and salary will not be modified to the disadvantage of the incumbent during their tenure. ♟️The CAG is not eligible for any further office after the end of their tenure either in the Government of India or any State Government. ♟️The administrative expenses of the office of CAG, including salaries, allowances and pensions serving in that office are charged up on the Consolidated Fund of India.Thus they are not subjected to the vote of Parliament.

*भारत के Seven Sister राज्य* 🌄🇮🇳 *Trick:* ATM में मीना 😄🧠 *A =* असम 🌿 *T =* त्रिपुरा 🌴 *M =* मणिपुर 🌸 *में =* मेघालय 🌧️ *मी =* मिजोरम 🌄 *ना =* नागालैंड 🏞️ *आ =* अरुणाचल प्रदेश 🌅 *Trick अच्छी लगी हो तो 👍♥️ लाइक जरुर करें*

*🛡️Trick to remember DPSPs (Article 36–51)* *💎Mnemonic:-* SEE GAPS JUMP ♟️Social Order ♟️Education ♟️Equal pay for equal work ♟️Gram Sabha ♟️Agriculture & animal husbandry ♟️Panchayats ♟️Scientific temper ♟️Judiciary independence ♟️Uniform Civil Code ♟️Minorities promotion ♟️Provision of early childhood care *Hit 👍❤️👌 to Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*

🛡️ *Swaran Singh Committee* ♟️In 1976, Congress Party set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties, the need felt during the operation of the internal emergency (1975–1977). ♟️The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on fundamental duties in the Constitution. ♟️It stressed that the citizens should become conscious that in addition to the enjoyment of rights, they also have certain duties to perform as well. ♟️The Congress Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976. ♟️This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution. This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A. ♟️Though Swaran Singh Committee suggested eight Fundamental Duties in the Constitution, the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976) included ten Fundamental Duties.

*🛡️Countries bordering Kazakhstan* *💎Trick:-* TRUCK ♟️T- Turkmenistan ♟️R- Russia ♟️U- Uzbekistan ♟️C- China ♟️K- Kyrgyzstan

*Q. Which quantum number determines the shape of an orbital?* *A. Principal quantum number 👍🏻* *B. Azimuthal quantum number ❤️* *C. Magnetic quantum number 🥰* *D. Spin quantum number 🙏🏻* *👉🏻 Give Your Right Answer ✅*

*🛡️Procedure Of The Court* ♟️The Supreme Court can, with the approval of the president, make rules for regulating generally the practice and procedure of the Court. ♟️The Constitutional cases or references made by the President under Article 143 are decided by a Bench consisting of at least five judges. ♟️All other cases are decided by single judges and division benches. ♟️The judgements are delivered by the open court. All judgements are by majority vote but if differing, then judges can give dissenting judgements or opinions.

*🛡️Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)* ♟️The Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by the President of India and can be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds that a Judge of the Supreme Court is removed. ♟️The person appointed to this office should take an oath of office before the President or any other person appointed by the office of the President. ♟️The salary, service conditions, leaves of absence, pension and age of retirement are determined by the Parliament of India and specified in the Second Schedule such that the service conditions and salary will not be modified to the disadvantage of the incumbent during their tenure. ♟️The CAG is not eligible for any further office after the end of their tenure either in the Government of India or any State Government. ♟️The administrative expenses of the office of CAG, including salaries, allowances and pensions serving in that office are charged up on the Consolidated Fund of India.Thus they are not subjected to the vote of Parliament.

✔️  Key Differences Between FERA and FEMA ❤️ FERA ✔️FERA is an acronym for Foreign Exchange Regulation Act. ✔️It was passed by the Parliament of India in 1973. The act came into force on 1st January 1974. ✔️FERA Act was repealed by the Vajpayee government in 1998. ✔️It was enacted to regulate foreign exchange and payments in India. Its main objective was to conserve forex transactions. ✔️The rules and regulations of FERA on foreign exchange were conservative and restrictive. ✔️This act came into force when the forex position in the country was not good. ✔️Comparatively, FERA Act is lengthier as it has 81 sections. ✔️Under this act, the definition of the term ‘Authorized person’ was narrow. ✔️Under this act, the citizenship of an individual was the basis for determining his/her residential status. ✔️Under FERA, no provisions were made for IT. ✔️Violation of the provisions of FERA has been considered a criminal offence and the punishment for contravention was imprisonment. ✔️Violation of FERA was a non-compoundable offence i.e. the offence cannot be compromised. Moreover, the accused was not allowed any assistance from the lawyer. ✔️The appeals were sent to the Supreme Court. ✔️According to FERA, an individual should obtain permission from the RBI to carry out forex transactions. ❤️ FEMA ✔️FEMA is an acronym for Foreign Exchange Management Act. ✔️FEMA Act was passed by the Parliament of India in 1999 to replace the FERA. It came into force on 1st June 2000. ✔️FEMA is currently active in the country. ✔️It was enacted to remove the stringent regulations on foreign exchange and promote orderly management of foreign exchange and payments. Its main objective was to manage the forex transactions. ✔️The approach of FEMA Act toward foreign exchange is flexible. ✔️This act was introduced when the strict provisions of FERA were hampering the growth of the Indian economy. ✔️FEMA has 49 sections and is shorter than the FERA. ✔️Under this act, the definition of the term ‘Authorized person’ is broad and it has included the banks under it. ✔️Under this act, the basis for determining the residential status was that an individual should be residing in India for the past 6 months. ✔️Provisions on IT were introduced under the FEMA Act. ✔️Violation of the provisions of FEMA has been considered a civil offence and the punishment for contravention was a monetary penalty. If an individual fails to pay the penalty on time, he/she may be imprisoned. ✔️Violation of FEMA is a compoundable offence and the charges can be compromised or removed. FEMA provides the accused the right to obtain legal assistance from a lawyer. ✔️A special director and a special court were introduced under FEMA to address the appeals. ✔️Under FEMA, no such pre-approval or permission of RBI is required to carry out forex transactions.

🛡️ *Classification of Solar Flares* Solar flares are classified based on their peak brightness in X-ray wavelengths into five categories:- ♟️ *X-class* The most powerful flares, capable of causing significant radio blackouts and radiation storms. ♟️ *M-class* Medium-sized flares that can cause brief radio blackouts, mainly affecting polar regions. ♟️ *C-class* Minor flares with minimal impact on Earth. ♟️ *B-class* Weaker than C-class flares. ♟️ *A-class* The weakest flares, with negligible effects

Question:- The question below has two statements followed by two conclusions. Consider the two given statements as true even if they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows the given statements. *Statements* 1. All Mumbaikar are Maharashtrian. 2. All Maharashtrians are Indian. *Conclusions* 1. Some Maharashtrian are Mumbaikar. 2. Some Indian are Mumbaikar. A) Only I😀 B) Only II👍 C) Both I and II🙏 D) Neither I nor II❤️ Give your Right Answer

🏞️🇮🇳 *भारत की प्रमुख झीलें* 🇮🇳🏞️ 🔹 *जम्मू-कश्मीर* ➜ डल झील, वुलर झील ❄️ 🔹 *लद्दाख* ➜ पैंगोंग त्सो झील 🏔️ 🔹 *राजस्थान* ➜ सांभर, पुष्कर, जयसमंद, पिछोला 🏜️ 🔹 *ओडिशा* ➜ चिल्का झील 🦩 🔹 *मणिपुर* ➜ लोकटक झील 🌿 🔹 *केरल* ➜ वेम्बनाड, अष्टमुडी, पेरियार 🥥 🔹 *महाराष्ट्र* ➜ लोनार, शिवसागर 🌋 🔹 *मध्य प्रदेश* ➜ भोजताल, इंदिरा सागर 🌊 🔹 *आंध्र प्रदेश* ➜ कोल्लेरू, पुलिकट 🐦 🔹 *तेलंगाना* ➜ हुसैन सागर, नागार्जुन सागर 🌉 🔹 *उत्तराखंड* ➜ नैनीताल, भीमताल, सातताल, नौकुचियाताल ⛰️ 🔹 *हिमाचल प्रदेश* ➜ रेणुका, चंद्रताल, सूरजताल, गोविंद सागर ❄️ 🔹 *सिक्किम* ➜ चोलामू, त्सोमगो 🏔️ 🔹 *पंजाब* ➜ हरिके झील 🦆 🔹 *हरियाणा* ➜ सूरजकुंड 🌞 🔹 *मेघालय* ➜ उमियम झील 🌄 🔹 *कर्नाटक* ➜ उलसूर झील 🌴

*🛡️Presidential Reference* ♟️The President of India recently referred 14 questions to the Supreme Court under Article 143. *💎There are two components of Article 143* ♟️Article 143(1) allows the President to refer any question of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its advisory opinion. ♟️Article 143(2) pertains to disputes involving pre-Constitutional treaties and agreements, permitting the President to refer such matters for legal clarification. ♟️Nature of Opinion: The Supreme Court’s opinion is not binding on the President. It does not carry precedential value but holds strong persuasive authority and is usually followed by the executive and judiciary. ♟️Historical origin: The provision originates from the Government of India Act, 1935, which empowered the Governor-General to refer legal matters to the Federal Court. ♟️The President refers to the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. As per Article 145, a minimum 5-judge Bench of the Supreme Court must hear the matter.

*🛡️IMPORTANT COMMITEES in the Indian Economic system* ♟️1st. Urjit Patel Committee:-- To examine the current monetary policy framework ♟️2th. Vaghul Committee:-- For Money Market In India ♟️3th. Rattan P Watal Committee:-- To boost digital payment system in India ♟️4th. Raghuram Rajan Committee:-- For Financial Sector Reforms ♟️5th. Raja Chelliah Committee:-- For Tax Reforms ♟️6th. Rakesh Mohan Committee:- Small Savings ♟️7th. Naresh Chandra committee:-- For 14 member task force on security issues ♟️8th. P J Nayak Committee:-- Governance of Boards of Bank in India ♟️9th. Parthasarathi Shome:--- For Tax Administration Reform Commission

THE IDEA OF NATIONAL INCOME As income of a single person can be measured, it can be measured for a nation and the whole world, although the method of calculation may be a little bit complex in the latter’s case. In due course, four ideas/ways to calculate the income of a nation13 developed, which are the subject matter of the national income accounting’. ● Important Points :- 💡There are four ways to calculate the ‘income’ of an economy, although diferent from each other in some ways, are the concepts of GDP, NDP, GNP and NNP. 💡 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of the all final goods and services produced within the boundary of a nation during one year period. 💡Net Domestic Product (NDP) is the GDP calculated after adjusting the weight of the value of 'depreciation’.

🔆 India’s Strategic Autonomy: Achievements and Limitations 📍 Why in Focus? ✅ Debate on India’s strategic autonomy has intensified amid the Russia-Ukraine war, India’s ties with the U.S., Russia, China, and BRICS, and evolving global geopolitics. 📍 Key Highlights: ✅ Former Foreign Secretary Shyam Saran defined strategic autonomy as India’s ability to take relatively autonomous decisions on matters of vital national interest. ✅ India has resisted external pressure on several issues, including: • Continuing oil imports from Russia • Maintaining ties with Iran • Opposing pressure on BRICS-related positions • Rejecting Chinese territorial claims on Arunachal Pradesh ✅ India has simultaneously deepened engagement with the U.S., Quad, EU, Japan, and Australia, reflecting its policy of multi-alignment. ✅ India has avoided formally condemning Russia over the Ukraine invasion while balancing relations with Western powers and preserving strategic interests. ✅ The article argues that India’s strategic autonomy is neither absolute nor perfect, as economic dependence, security concerns, and geopolitical pressures continue to shape foreign policy choices. 📍 Challenges / Issues / Implications: ✅ Balancing ties between rival global powers without compromising national interests. ✅ Risk of reduced global influence if India avoids taking principled positions on major international issues. ✅ Dependence on external partners for energy, defence, and technology may constrain policy flexibility. ✅ Mains Question: “Strategic autonomy in the 21st century is increasingly shaped by interdependence rather than isolation.” Discuss in the context of India’s foreign policy. (250 words).

*🛡️World Pandemic Treaty* ♟️Members of the World Health Organization (WHO) have finalized a proposal for the World Pandemic Treaty. ♟️The proposal was finalised by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB), It would be presented in May at the 78th World Health Assembly for consideration. 💎Objective of the Treaty ♟️To ensure coordinated global response to pandemics while strengthening national and global: ♟️Prevention strategies ♟️Preparedness capacities ♟️Resilience of health systems ♟️Equitable access to pandemic-related resources 💎Need for the Treaty ♟️Fragmented Global Response The treaty would promote international cooperation and harmonised policy responses during public health emergencies. ♟️R&D and Technology Gaps ♟️Disruption in Global Supply Chains ♟️Lack of Timely Information Sharing ♟️Unequal Access to Health Product ♟️International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005): Legally binding international instrument coordinated by WHO.

🔆 ‘Divyastra’ Missile 📍 Context ✅ India successfully conducted the 2nd flight-trial of the ‘Divyastra’ Missile from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha. 📍 About ‘Divyastra’ Missile ✅ It is an advanced Agni missile equipped with MIRV (Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle) technology. ✅ Enhances India’s strategic deterrence and missile capability. 📍 What is MIRV Technology? ✅ MIRV allows a single missile to carry multiple nuclear warheads, each capable of hitting different targets independently. ✅ Developed originally in the 1960s. 📍 Advantages of MIRV System ✅ Ability to strike multiple targets simultaneously. ✅ Improves missile penetration against enemy missile defence systems. ✅ Increases strategic deterrence capability with fewer missiles. 📍 Countries with MIRV Technology ✅ United States (first country to develop MIRV) ✅ Russia ✅ United Kingdom ✅ France ✅ China ✅ India 📍 Strategic Significance for India ✅ Strengthens India’s credible minimum deterrence doctrine. ✅ Boosts indigenous defence and strategic missile capabilities. ✅ Enhances India’s position among major nuclear powers.

*🛡️The Types of Mountain* 💎 *Based on Mode of Origin*  ♟️ *Volcanic Mountains* Formed by the eruption of magma from the Earth's crust, creating peaks like those in Hawaii and Fiji.  ♟️ *Fold Mountains* Created by the collision and folding of tectonic plates, such as the Himalayas and the Andes.  ♟️ *Block Mountains* Formed by faulting and the movement of large blocks of the Earth's crust, leading to raised or dropped sections, like the Sierra Nevada.  ♟️ *Dome Mountains* Created by magma pushing the Earth's crust upward, forming a dome-like structure, often exposed after erosion like Black Hills (US).  ♟️ *Plateau Mountains* These mountains resemble dome mountains but are formed by colliding tectonic plates pushing up the land, shaped by weathering and erosion.  💎 *Based on Period of Origin*  ♟️ *Precambrian Mountains* Precambrian mountains are ancient ranges formed during the Precambrian era (4.6 billion to 541 million years ago).    They have experienced extensive erosion and metamorphism over billions of years, leaving behind residual formations (e.g., Aravallis in India).  ♟️ *Caledonian Mountains* Formed around 430 million years ago (e.g., Appalachians). ♟️ *Hercynian Mountains* These mountains originated from the Carboniferous to Permian Period (approximately 340 million years and 225 million years) (e.g., Ural Mountains). ♟️ *Alpine Mountains* The youngest mountain systems formed during the Tertiary period(66 million years ago) (e.g., Himalayas, Alps).