CAP CLASSES

Guys ... OPT OUT facility has been enabled by ICAI from today till 14th of this month. Decide carefully and take your call ! Best of Luck.

Today's IT questions. 1)Explain Decision Tree 2)Describe the advantages and limitations of Decision table. 3)State the characteristics and issues of client network . 4)Define Transmission techniques -Broadcast network -Switch network 5)Define - mobile commerce - Electronic Fund Transfer

C. Wide Area Network (WAN): Wide Area Networks are telecommunications networks that cover large geographic areas with various communication facilities such as long distance telephone service, satellite transmission, and under-sea cables. These networks cover areas such as: • Large city or metropolitan area • Whole country • Many countries and continents Examples of WANs are interstate banking networks and airline reservation systems.

B. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is somewhere between a LAN and a WAN. The term MAN is sometimes used to refer to networks which connect systems or local area networks within a metropolitan area (roughly 40 k m in length from one point to an other). A MAN interconnects computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by a large LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN. A MAN can support both data and voice. Cable television networks are examples of MANs that distribute television signals. A MAN just has one or two cables and does not contain switching elements.

5) A. Local Area Network: The Local Area Networks (LAN) are telecommunications networks that connect information-processing devices within a limited physical area. These networks cover areas such as Offices, Classrooms, Buildings, Manufacturing plant etc. Some of the characteristics of LANs include the following: • LANs use a variety of telecommunications media, such as ordinary telephone wiring, coaxial cable, or wireless radio systems to interconnect microcomputer workstations and computer peripherals. • To communicate over the network, a PC usually has a circuit board called a network interface card. • Most LANs use a powerful microcomputer with a large disk capacity as a file server or network server that contains a network operating system (e.g., Novell NetWare) that controls telecommunications and the use of network resources. • LANs allow end users in a workgroup to c ommunicate electronically; share hardware, software, and data resources; and pool their efforts when working on group projects.

4) Here are some of the advantages of a computer network in an organization: (i) File Sharing - It provides sharing and grouping of data files over the network. (ii) Resource Sharing - It provides sharing of c omputer resources such as hard disk, printers etc. by multiple users simultaneously to reduce the cost of installing and maintaining multiple resources in the organization. (iii) Remote Access - Network allows users to remotely access the data and information from organization’s network via Internet in cost effective manner. (iv) Shared Databases -Network facilitates simultaneous access to the shared databases to multiple users at the same time by ensuring the integrity of the database. (v) Fault Tolerance - By using network, fault tolerance can be implemented as a defense against accidental data loss. Usually, primary and secondary line of defense backups the data in case of system failure. Additional measures can also be taken by attaching a server with un-interruptible power supply in case of power failure or blackouts. (vi) Internet Access and Security - It provides access to the Internet for transferring the document and to access the resources available on World Wide Web by maintaining data security through firewall system in the organization’s network.

Types of e-Commerce There are four general classes of e-Commerce applications: (a) Business-to-Business (B2B) e-Commerce (b) Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-Commerce (c) Consumer-to-Business (C2B) e-Commerce (d) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) e-Commerce (e) Business-to-Government (B2G) e-Commerce (f) Business-to-Employee (B2E) e-Commerce

3) Risks involved in e-Commerce The risks associated with e-Commerce are multi-faceted. Given below is a sample listing of risks of e-Commerce: • Problem of anonymity: There is need to identify and authenticate users in the virtual global market where anyone can sell to or buy from anyone, anything from anywhere. • Repudiation of contract: There is possibility that the electronic transaction in the form of contract, sale order or purchase by the trading partner or customer may be denied. • Lack of authenticity of transactions: The electronic documents that are produced in the course of an e-Commerce transaction may not be authentic and reliable. • Data Loss or theft or duplication: The data transmitted over the Internet may be lost, duplicated, tampered with or replayed. • Attack from hackers: Web servers used for e-Commerce may be vulnerable to hackers. • Denial of Service: Service to customers may be denied due to non-availability of system as it may be affected by viruses, e-mail bombs and floods. • Non-recognition of electronic transactions: e-Commerce transactions, as electronic records and digital signatures may not be recognized as evidence in courts of law. • Lack of audit trails: Audit trails in e-Commerce system may be lacking and the logs may be incomplete, too voluminous or easily tampered with • Problem of piracy: Intellectual property may not be adequately protected when such property is transacted through e-Commerce

Remember the diagram and try to reproduce this in the exams....as it will help you fetch additional marks.

2) Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of data through an information system. A DFD illustrates technical or business processes with the help of the external data stored, the data flowing from a process to another, and the results. DFDs may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing information flow and functional detail. Therefore, the DFD provides a mechanism for functional modeling as well as information flow modeling. (i) Entity: An entity is the source or destination of data. The source in a DFD represents these entities that are outside the context of the system. Entities either provide data to the system (referred to as a source) or receive data from it (referred to as a sink). Entities are often represented as rectangles (a diagonal line across the right-hand corner means that this entity is represented somewhere else in the DFD). Entities are also referred to as agents, terminators, or source/sink. (ii) Process: The process is the manipulation or work that transforms data, performing computations, making decisions (logic flow), or directing data flows based on business rules. In other words, a process receives input and generates some output. Process names (simple verbs and dataflow names, such as “Submit Payment” or “Get Invoice”) usually describe the transformation, which can be performed by people or machines. Processes can be drawn as circles or a segmented rectangle on a DFD, and include a process name and process number. (iii) Data Store: A data store is where a process stores data between processes for later retrieval by that same process or another one. Files and tables are considered data stores. Data store names (plural) are simple but meaningful, such as “customers”, “orders” and “products.” Data stores are usually drawn as a rectangle with the right hand side missing and labeled by the name of the data storage area it represents, though different notations do exist. (iv) Data Flow: Data flow is the movement of data between the entity, the process and the data store. Data flow portrays the interface between the components of the DFD. The flow of data in a DFD is named to reflect the nature of the data used (these names should also be unique within a specific DFD). Data flow is represented by an arrow, where the arrow is annotated with the data name.

1)Given below are the components of the decision table in more detail. (a) Condition Statement - Statement which introduce one or more conditions (i.e., factors to consider in making a decision) (b) Condition Entries - Entries that complete condition statements. (c) Action Statements - Statements which introduce one or more actions (i.e., steps to be taken when a certain combination of conditions exist) (d) Action Entries - Entries that complete the action statements. (e) Rules - Unique combinations of conditions and actions to be taken under those conditions. (f) Header - Title identifying the table. (g) Rule Identifiers - Code uniquely identifying each rule within a table. (h) Condition Identifiers - Codes uniquely identifying each condition statements/entry. (i) Action Identifiers - Codes uniquely identifying each action statement/ entry

Dont forget to revise yesterday's questions. Just go through the questions and if you remember their answers , it's well and good .. or else take 10 minutes to go through those questions and answers also .

Today's IT questions: 1) Explain the components of decision table. 2)Define Data flow diagram and it's types. 3)What are the risks and types of E-Commerce 4)What are the advantages of computer network in an organisation. 5)Define A)LAN B)MAN C)WAN.

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5) Protocols and it’s three aspects: Protocols are software that performs a variety of actions necessary for data transmission between computers. Stated more precisely, protocols are a set of rules for inter- computer communication that have been agreed upon and implemented by many vendors, users and standards bodies to ensure that the information being exchanged between the two parties is received and interpreted correctly. Ideally, a protocols standard allows heterogeneous computers to talk to each other. At the most basic level, protocols define the physical aspects of communication, such as how the system components will be interfaced and at what voltage levels will be transmitted. At higher levels, protocols define the way that data will be transferred, such as the establishment and termination of “sessions” between computers and the synchronization of those transmissions. At still higher levels, protocols can standardize the way data itself is encoded and compressed for transmission. Thus we can say that, Network protocols which are essentially software are sets of rules for- A protocol defines the following three aspects of digital communication. (a) Syntax: The format of data being exchanged, character set used, type of error correction used, type of encoding scheme (e.g., signal levels) being used. (b) Semantics: Type and order of messages used to ensure reliable and error free information transfer. (c) Timing: Defines data rate selection and correct timing for various events during data transfer.

4) Client and it’s classifications: Client/Server network is a computer network in which one centralized powerful computer (called Server) is connected to many less powerful PCs or workstations (called Clients). The clients run programs and access data that are stored on t he server. Example – WWW/E-Mail. • Client: A client is a single-user workstation that provides a presentation services and the appropriate computing, connectivity and the database services relevant to the business need. Client computers can be classified as Fat Client, Thin Client or Hybrid Client.  Fat / Thick Client: A fat client or thick client is a client that performs the bulk of any data processing operations itself, and does not necessarily rely on the server. Unlike thin clients, thick clients do not rely on a central processing server because the processing is done locally on the user system, and the server is accessed primarily for storage purposes. For that reason, thick clients often are not well-suited for public environments. To maintain a thick client, IT needs to maintain all systems for software deployment and upgrades, rather than just maintaining the applications on the server. For example – Personal Computer. Thin Client: Thin clients use the resources of the host computer. A thin client generally only presents processed data provided by an application server, which performs the bulk of any required data processing. A thin client machine is going to communicate with a c entral processing server, meaning there is little hardware and software installed on th e user's machine. A device using web application (such as Office Web Apps) is a thin client. Hybrid Client: A Hybrid Client is a m ixture of the above two client models. Similar to a f at client, it processes locally, but relies on t he server for storing persistent data. This approach offers features from both the fat client (multimedia support, high performance) and the thin client (high manageability, flexibility). Hybrid clients are well suited for video gaming.

3)The Business Value of Telecommunications Information technology, especially in telecommunications-based business applications, helps company overcome barriers to business success. The widely used information systems in enterprises are highly facilitated through telecommunication systems that help in increase in productivity and performance of an o rganization. The strategic capabilities of telecommunications and other information technologies include: •Overcome geographic barriers: capture information about business transactions from remote locations. •Overcome time barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested. •Overcome cost barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communication. •Overcome structural barriers: Support linkages for competitive advantage. Organizations, therefore, in a telecommunication network can improve communication, reduce costs, improve efficiency, reduce errors and improve consistency under the light of the aforementioned capabilities of computer network.