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Explanation: Ecuador is located in northwestern South America and borders the Pacific Ocean, making Statement 1 correct. Statement 2 is correct as the Andes in Ecuador are divided into two parallel chains—Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Oriental. Statement 3 is also correct. Mount Chimborazo is the highest peak in Ecuador and notable for being the point farthest from Earth’s center due to equatorial bulge. The country has diverse ecosystems including coastal plains, mountains, and Amazon rainforest. It also hosts active volcanoes like Cotopaxi. The geography contributes to varied climate zones. Ecuador is also known for its biodiversity and ecological richness. Q. Consider the following statements regarding Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): 1. It is caused by mutation in the SMN1 gene. 2. It primarily affects motor neurons controlling movement. 3. It has a complete cure available. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (c) 1 and 2 only Explanation: SMA is caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, making Statement 1 correct. It affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, making Statement 2 correct. Statement 3 is incorrect because there is no complete cure, only management options. It is a genetic disorder affecting neuromuscular function. Symptoms include muscle atrophy and weakness. Severity varies across types. Early diagnosis improves management outcomes.

Q. Consider the following statements regarding SVAMITVA Scheme: 1. It aims to provide legal ownership records for rural residential properties. 2. It includes agricultural land under its mapping framework. 3. It uses drone-based technology for land surveys. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only Explanation: The SVAMITVA Scheme is designed to provide property ownership rights in rural inhabited areas, making Statement 1 correct. It issues legal documents known as property cards. Statement 2 is incorrect because agricultural land is explicitly excluded from the scheme. It focuses only on abadi areas (residential zones). Statement 3 is correct as the scheme uses drone technology for accurate mapping and creation of GIS-based land records. This improves transparency, reduces disputes, and enables villagers to use land as a financial asset for credit access. The scheme is implemented by the Survey of India, ensuring technical accuracy. It also aids in better local governance planning through Gram Panchayat Development Plans. The digitization of land records is a key step toward formalizing rural economies. Q. Consider the following statements regarding Alleles: 1. They are alternative forms of a gene located at the same locus. 2. Humans are haploid organisms with a single allele per gene. 3. Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only Explanation: Alleles are variant forms of the same gene, located at identical positions on homologous chromosomes, making Statement 1 correct. Statement 2 is incorrect because humans are diploid organisms, meaning they possess two alleles for each gene—one from each parent. Statement 3 is correct. In heterozygous conditions, dominant alleles determine the phenotype, masking recessive alleles. Alleles are central to genetic diversity and inheritance patterns. They determine traits such as eye color, blood group, and susceptibility to diseases. Mutations can create new alleles, influencing evolution. Allelic interactions form the basis of classical genetics and Mendelian inheritance. Q. Assertion (A): Udayan Fort was associated with the Vatsa Mahajanapada. Reason (R): It served as the capital fort during the reign of King Udayana. Which of the following is correct? (a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is correct but R is not correct (d) A is not correct but R is correct Answer: (a) Explanation: Udayan Fort is historically linked to the Vatsa Mahajanapada, making the assertion correct. The reason is also correct because it functioned as the capital fort under King Udayana, who ruled this region. The reason explains the assertion since the association arises from its role as the political center. The site provides insights into early state formation in ancient India. Archaeological remains such as fort walls, pottery, and coins indicate urban development. The location near the Yamuna River suggests strategic importance. The fort also had connections with Buddhist and Jain traditions, indicating religious significance. Q. Consider the following statements regarding Ecuador: 1. It is located in South America and lies along the Pacific Ocean. 2. It has both Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Oriental mountain ranges. 3. Mount Chimborazo is the highest point in Ecuador. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

Consider the following statements regarding Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): It is caused by mutation in the SMN1 gene. It primarily affects motor neurons controlling movement. It has a complete cure available.

Consider the following statements regarding Ecuador: It is located in South America and lies along the Pacific Ocean. It has both Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Oriental mountain ranges. Mount Chimborazo is the highest point in Ecuador.

Assertion (A): Udayan Fort was associated with the Vatsa Mahajanapada. Reason (R): It served as the capital fort during the reign of King Udayana.

Consider the following statements regarding Alleles: They are alternative forms of a gene located at the same locus. Humans are haploid organisms with a single allele per gene. Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles.

Consider the following statements regarding SVAMITVA Scheme: It aims to provide legal ownership records for rural residential properties. It includes agricultural land under its mapping framework. It uses drone-based technology for land surveys.

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