GS GLOBE BY DEV SIR

What is Article 32? It is one of the fundamental rights listed in the Constitution that each citizen is entitled. Article 32 deals with the ‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’, or affirms the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred in Part III of the Constitution. It states that the Supreme Court “shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part”. The right guaranteed by this Article “shall not be suspended except as otherwise provided for by this Constitution”. The Article is included in Part III of the Constitution with other fundamental rights including to Equality, Freedom of Speech and Expression, Life and Personal Liberty, and Freedom of Religion. Only if any of these fundamental rights is violated can a person can approach the Supreme Court directly under Article 32. During the Constituent Assembly debates in December 1948, a discussion on this fundamental right (in the draft, it is referred to as Article 25), Dr B R Ambedkar had said, “If I was asked to name any particular Article in this Constitution as the most important — an Article without which this Constitution would be a nullity — I could not refer to any other Article except this one. It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it…” He said the rights invested with the Supreme Court through this Article could not be taken away unless the Constitution itself is amended and hence it was “one of the greatest safeguards that can be provided for the safety and security of the individual”. ♦️Can High Courts be approached in cases of violation of fundamental rights? Both the High Courts and the Supreme Court can be approached for violation or enactment of fundamental rights through five kinds of writs: 1️⃣Habeas corpus (related to personal liberty in cases of illegal detentions and wrongful arrests) 2️⃣Mandamus — directing public officials, governments, courts to perform a statutory duty; 3️⃣Quo warranto — to show by what warrant is a person holding public office; 4️⃣Prohibition — directing judicial or quasi-judicial authorities to stop proceedings which it has no jurisdiction for; and 5️⃣Certiorari — re-examination of an order given by judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative authorities. 🔵In civil or criminal matters, the first remedy available to an aggrieved person is that of trial courts, followed by an appeal in the High Court and then the Supreme Court. When it comes to violation of fundamental rights, an individual can approach the High Court under Article 226 or the Supreme Court directly under Article 32. Article 226, however, is not a fundamental right like Article 32.

16 rituals prevalent in Vedic period 1. Conception ceremony: This was the first ceremony of life (from the point of view of the child). 2. Punsavan Sanskar: This rite was performed in the third month of conception to get a son. This ritual was performed when the Moon was in Pushya Nakshatra. 3. Simantonnayan Sanskar: Through this, the prosperity of the pregnant woman and the longevity of the fetus were wished. Through this, protection from evil spirits and ghosts and their fear was also removed. 4. Jatakarma Sanskar: This rite was performed immediately after the birth of the child. Generally it was done before cutting the umbilical cord of the child. In this the child was fed honey and ghee, and then the child was breastfed for the first time. 5. Naamkaran Sanskar: On the tenth or twelfth day after the birth of the child, this ritual was performed, in which he was named. It is mentioned in Vishnu Purana that Brahmins used to write Sharma, Kshatriya Varma, Vaishya Gupta and Shudra Das at the end of their names. 6. Nishkarman Sanskar: This rite was performed on the occasion of the child leaving the house for the first time. This ritual was performed in the third or fourth month after the birth of the children. 7. Annaprasan Sanskar: This ritual was performed in the sixth month after the birth of the child, in which "cooked food" was fed to him for the first time. The purpose of this was that at an appropriate time the child should be able to stop drinking mother's milk and become able to survive with food etc. 8. Chudakaran or Chaulkarma Sanskar: It is commonly known as Mundan. In this the hair of the baby was cut for the first time. Generally, shaving was done at the age of three years. 9. Karnabhed Sanskar: This Sanskar was performed at the age of five years. This was done for the purpose of wearing jewelery to avoid various types of diseases. 10. Vidyarambh Sanskar: Through this Sanskar, the child was made aware of domestic education and letters for the first time. This was preceded by the Upanayana ceremony. 11. Upanayana Sanskar: It literally means, to take near the Guru. Through this sanskar, the child used to become entitled to get complete knowledge. After this ritual, the child used to become "Dwij". That means he used to have a second birth. After this ritual, he had to lead an austere life. He used to wear Yagyopaveet. This ritual is only for boys, not for girls. After this the child would become eligible for education. In ancient texts, the age of 8, 10 and 12 years is fixed for Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas respectively for Upanayana. This ritual is not described even for Shudra. 12. Veda Aarambh Sanskar: This rite started with the study of Vedas with the chanting of Gayatri Mantra. 13. Keshant Sanskar or Godan Sanskar: At the age of 16, while studying with the Guru, beard and mustache were made for the first time, it is called Keshant Sanskar. On this occasion, a cow was given as dakshina to the Guru, that is why it is also called Godan Sanskar. 14. Samavartan Sanskar: It literally means, returning from Guru's ashram to home. It is also called Snan Sanskar because bathing on this occasion had special significance. After this, the student used to become a "graduate" and his education was completed. Even today this word is prevalent in this form. Samavartana Sanskar allows a person to enter the Grihastha Ashram. 15. Marriage Sanskar: Grihastha Ashram started with this Sanskar. 16. Funeral Sanskar: This was the last rites of a person which was performed after his death. According to the scriptures, all these 16 sacraments used to make a person's life successful.

वैदिक काल में प्रचलित 16 संस्कार 1.गर्भाधान संस्कार: यह जीवन का प्रथम संस्कार था (शिशु की दृष्टि से ) | 2.पुंसवन संस्कार: गर्भाधान के तीसरे माह में पुत्र प्राप्ति के निमित्त यह संस्कार किया जाता था | यह संस्कार चन्द्रमा के पुष्य नक्षत्र में होने पर किया जाता था | 3.सीमान्तोन्नयन संस्कार : इसके माध्यम से गर्भवती नारी की समृद्धि तथा भ्रूण की दीर्घायु की कामना की जाती थी | इसके माध्यम से बुरी आत्माओं तथा प्रेतात्माओं से रक्षा तथा उनके भय को भी दूर किया जाता था | 4.जातकर्म संस्कार: यह संस्कार शिशु के जन्म के तत्काल बाद सम्पन्न होता था | सामान्यतः बच्चे के नाल काटने के पूर्व ही उसे किया जाता था | इसमें बच्चे को मधु तथा घृत चटाया जाता था, और फिर प्रथम बार शिशु को स्तनपान कराया जाता था | 5.नामकरण संस्कार: बच्चे के जन्म के दसवें अथवा बारहवें दिन यह संस्कार होता था, जिसमें उसका नाम रखा जाता था। विष्णुपुराण में उल्लेख है कि ब्राह्मण अपने नाम के अन्त में शर्मा, क्षत्रिय वर्मा, वैश्य गुप्त तथा शूद्र दास लिखते थे। 6.निष्कर्मण संस्कार: यह संस्कार बच्चे के घर से पहली बार निकलने के अवसर पर किया जाता था | बच्चों के जन्म के तीसरे या चौथे माह में यह संस्कार होता था। 7.अन्नप्रासन संस्कार : बच्चे के जन्म के छठे महीने में यह संस्कार सम्पन्न होता था, जिसमें प्रथम बार उसे “पका हुआ अन्न” खिलाया जाता था। इसका उद्देश्य यह था कि एक उचित समय पर बच्चा माँ का दूध पीना छोड़कर अन्न आदि से निर्वाह करने योग्य बन सके | 8.चूड़ाकरण या चौलकर्म संस्कार : इसे आमतौर पर मुंडन के नाम से जाना जाता है | इसमें पहली बार शिशु के बाल काटे जाते थे। तीन वर्ष की अवस्था में सामान्यतः मुण्डन होता था। 9.कर्णभेद संस्कार : यह संस्कार पाँच वर्ष की अवस्था में होता था | यह विभिन्न प्रकार के रोगों से बचने हेतु आभूषण धारण करने के उद्देश्य से किया जाता था | 10.विद्यारम्भ संस्कार : इस संस्कार के माध्यम से शिशु को प्रथम बार घरेलू विद्या एवं अक्षरों का बोध कराया जाता था | यह उपनयन संस्कार से पूर्व होता था | 11.उपनयन संस्कार : इसका शाब्दिक अर्थ है, गुरु के समीप ले जाना। इस संस्कार के माध्यम से बालक सम्पूर्ण ज्ञान प्राप्त करने का अधिकारी बन जाता था। इस संस्कार के पश्चात बालक “द्विज” हो जाता था | अर्थात उसका दूसरा जन्म होता था | इस संस्कार के बाद उसे संयमी जीवन व्यतीत करना पड़ता था | वह यज्ञोपवीत धारण करता था | यह संस्कार केवल बालकों के लिए है ,बालिकाओं के लिए नहीं | बालक इसके बाद शिक्षा ग्रहण करने के योग्य हो जाता था | प्राचीन ग्रन्थों में उपनयन के लिए ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय तथा वैश्य हेतु क्रमशः 8, 10 एवं 12 वर्ष की आयु का निर्धारण किया जाता है। शुद्र के लिए भी यह संस्कार वर्णित नहीं है | 12.वेद आरंभ संस्कार: इस संस्कार का आरंभ गायत्री मंत्र के उच्चारण के साथ वेदों के अध्ययन से होता था | 13.केशांत संस्कार अथवा गोदान संस्कार : गुरु के पास अध्ययन करते 16 वर्ष की अवस्था में प्रथम बार दाढ़ी-मूँछ बनवाई जाती थी, इसे केशांत संस्कार कहा जाता है। इस अवसर पर गुरु को एक गाय दक्षिणा स्वरूप दी जाती थी, इसी कारण इसे गोदान संस्कार भी कहा जाता है। 14.समावर्तन संस्कार : इसका शाब्दिक अर्थ है, गुरु के आश्रम से स्वगृह को लौटना | इसे स्नान संस्कार भी कहा गया है क्योंकि इस अवसर पर स्नान करने का विशेष महत्त्व था | इसी के बाद विद्यार्थी “स्नातक” बनता था और उसकी शिक्षा पूर्ण होती थी | आज भी यह शब्द इसी रूप में प्रचलित है | समावर्तन संस्कार व्यक्ति को गृहस्थ आश्रम में प्रवेश करने की अनुमति देता था | 15.विवाह संस्कार : इस संस्कार से गृहस्थ आश्रम का प्रारम्भ होता था | 16.अन्त्येष्टि संस्कार : यह व्यक्ति का अन्तिम संस्कार होता था जो की उसके निधन के बाद संपन्न होता था | शास्त्रों के अनुसार ये सभी 16 संस्कार व्यक्ति के जीवन को सफल बनाते थे |