World_Polity

🔔Champaran satyagraha :: of 1917 • first satyagraha movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in British India. • India’s first organised act of civil disobedience. • peasants uprising in the Champaran district of Bihar. • farmers in Champaran were forced to cultivate indigo. • They could not grow the food they needed, nor did they receive adequate payment for the indigo which intensified their misery. • Gandhiji arrived in Champaran on 10 April 1917. • Outcome : Champaran Agrarian Act 1918 was signed by the Governor General of India Lord Chelmsford. • Marked the beginning of the Gandhian era of Indian Nationalism.

Q. When was Operation Sindoor officially launched by India ? A. April 22, 2025 B. May 3, 2025 C. May 7, 2025 D. March 7, 2025 Ans - May 7, 2025 Operation Sindoor was a coordinated precision strike operation launched by the Indian Armed Forces on 7th May 2025, in retaliation for the Pahalgam terror attack on terror camps in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). It was executed through the coordinated efforts of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, conducted from Indian territory.

🔔 NATIONAL PARK • Under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, a national park is a designated area of significant ecological, faunal, floral, or zoological importance DECLARED BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT for the protection, propagation, or development of wildlife and its environment. • No human activity is permitted inside the national park, except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state. • A national park cannot be downgraded to a sanctuary. • Total number of National Parks in India till April 30 -- 107 •• State wise :::: + Madhya Pradesh - 12 + Assam - 08 •• Union Territory :::: + Andaman & Nicobar Islands - 09

🔔REMINDER🔔 The last date to apply for the APSC CCE exam in 2024 :::: 29th April, 2025

🔔 Mukhyamantri Jibon Prerana Scheme 2025 • launched by GOA • total budget of INR 25 crore • To provide monthly financial assistance to the young graduates and Research Scholars who are not currently employed until they are not getting a permanent job. • financial assistance of INR 2500 will be game to the selected beneficiaries. • government also provides a one-time grant of INR 25,000 for research scholars. • DC’s Letter will be required to take one time Financial Assistance instead of Monthly Installment. • it will be transferred directly to the bank account of the beneficiaries through the DBT process. • Only Permanent Residents of Assam Shall be eligible for this Scheme. • A Divyang Certificate will be required to Apply for the Scheme under Divyang Research Scholars Category. • Specially abled : All the beneficiaries who are especially able citizens will receive a one-time grant of INR 50,000.

🔔 NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICES DAY • Observed every year on April 21. • The idea of observing a day to honour civil servants began in 2006, when the Government of India institutionalized April 21 as National Civil Service Day. • This date marks the famous address by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in 1947 to the first batch of IAS at Metcalfe House in Delhi. • In this speech, he emphasized civil servants as the steel frame of India, the very quality that held the nation together and intact • Charles Cornwallis, who served as the Governor-General of India (1786–1793), is known as the Father of the Indian Civil Service. • Cornwallis laid the foundation of a professional, efficient, and accountable administration in India. • key milestone in the evolution of civil services was the Indian Civil Service Act of 1861. • China was the first country to introduce a formal civil service system during the Han Dynasty.

🔆Government Initiatives for Elderly Care: ✅Atal Vayo Abhyudaya Yojana (AVYAY): Offers elderly homes, continuous care centers, and Mobile Medicare Units. ✅National Programme for Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE): Provides dedicated healthcare at primary to tertiary levels. ✅SACRED Portal: Enables re-employment of senior citizens and supports their dignity in work. ✅Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY): Distributes assistive devices to BPL seniors to aid mobility and independence. ✅Social Pension Schemes (NSAP): IGNOAPS provides direct pension support to poor elderly aged 60–79.

🔆India’s Energy Goals: ✅Net Zero Target by 2070: India aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, requiring massive shifts in energy systems. ✅500 GW from Non-Fossil Sources by 2030: India plans to install 500 GW of non-fossil capacity (solar, wind, nuclear, hydro). ✅Nuclear Energy Expansion: Government aims for 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 to meet base-load requirements. ✅Green Hydrogen Mission: Focus on using renewable electricity for green hydrogen to decarbonise industries. ✅Electrification of End-Use Sectors: Transition to electric vehicles, heat pumps, and electric furnaces to cut fossil fuel dependency

🔔 GOLDEN TIGER • also known as “Golden Tabby" or Strawberry tigers. • a color variation of Bengal tigers causedby a presence of recessive gene called "wideband". • it is not a distinct species but a result of genetic rarity. • A rare condition called pseudomelanism, a genetic mutation that affects body pigmentation. • Recently captured in Kaziranga National Park. • IUCN status – Endangered • India has the largest tiger population (70%) • Leading State – Madhya Pradesh

🔔 DOG-FACED WATER SNAKE • a rear-fanged, mildly venomous, semi-aquatic snake. • belongs to the family Homalopsidae, which refers to Indo-Australian rear-fanged water snakes. • Scientific Name: Cerberus rynchops • species found in coastal habitats. • In India, it has been recorded in coastal regions such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. • it can grow to about 1m long. • It adapted for slow-moving, shallow, and murky waters. • It can swim well. On soft mud, it moves quickly by sidewinding. • In Nalbari, Assam, a dog faced water snake was discovered for the first time in North East India by local snake rescuers. • It is classified as Least Concern under the IUCN Red List.

🔆 Revolutionary Activities in India (Part 1)  📍 Nasik Conspiracy Case (1909)  ✅ Anant Kanhare & Ganesh Savarkar shot dead Collector Jackson of Nasik.  ✅ V.D. Savarkar was charged and sentenced to life imprisonment in Andaman in 1910.  📍 Muzaffarpur Shooting (1908)  ✅ Also known as Manicktolla Bomb Intrigue or Alipore Bomb Case.  ✅ Khudi Ram & Prafulla Chaki attempted to kill the British judge but ended up killing his wife & daughter.  📍 Delhi Conspiracy Case  ✅ Bomb thrown at Lord Hardinge during a procession shifting the capital to Delhi.  ✅ 13 people arrested; Amir Chand, Awadh Bihari, Bal Mukund & Basant Kumar Biswas were hanged.  📍 Gadar Movement (1915)  ✅ Led by Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna, Lala Hardayal, & Pandit Kashiram in San Francisco.  ✅ Raja Mahendra Pratap set up a government-in-exile in Kabul for India's independence.  📍 Lahore Conspiracy Case (1915)  ✅ A crackdown on Gadar revolutionaries; Bhai Parmanand, Vishnu Ganesh Pingle & Kartar Singh Sarabha were arrested.  📍 Lahore Conspiracy Case (Saunder’s Murder) (1927)  ✅ Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, & Sukhdev killed Police Officer John Saunders.  ✅ Their original target was James Scott, responsible for Lala Lajpat Rai’s death.  📍 Kakori Conspiracy Case (1925)  ✅ Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh, & Ashfaqullah Khan were hanged.  ✅ Chandrasekhar Azad was also involved but escaped.  📍 Meerut Conspiracy (1929)  ✅ Bomb explosion in Central Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh & B.K. Dutt.  ✅ Protested against Trade Disputes Bill & Public Safety Bill introduced by the British.  📍 Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930-32)  ✅ Led by Surya Sen, attacked British armories in Chittagong, Mymensingh & Barisal.  ✅ Key revolutionaries: Ambika Chakraborty, Loknath Bal, Ganesh Ghose.  #FreedomStruggle #Revolutionaries #IndianHistory

🔔 ASSAM TO BECOME FIRST INDIAN STATE TO LAUNCH OWN SATELLITE • Two groundbreaking initiatives will be taken in Budget 2025-26 :: 1. India’s first AI-powered Anti-Deepfake & Cyber Surveillance Lab, 2. Launch of its own satellite, "ASSAMSAT" • under the ministry of Space. • in collaboration with IN-SPACe & ISRO. • with an estimated cost of 500-600 Crore. • Announced by Finance Minister Ajanta Neog in the State Budget. • Aim to strengthen cybersecurity, tackle digital threats and revolutionize governance through advanced satellite technology. • FEATURES OF INDIA’S FIRST AI-DRIVEN CYBER SURVEILLANCE LAB :: - real-time online threat detection & digital forensics - deepfake identification using advanced AI - cybercrime tracking - intelligence support for law enforcement. • FEATURES OF ASSAMSAT :: - to provide continuous & reliable data flow for socio-economic projects - enhanced efficiency in agriculture - disaster management, & infrastructure planning - better border security & law enforcement support. • OTHER BIG PROPOSALS IN BUDGET :: - country's first green packaging industrial hub - country's first bamboo smart city - India's first AI and blockchain-powered tea auction - govt OTT platforms to preserve Assamese cinema, literature, folk songs, music, documentaries.

Gelephu Mindfulness City project Gelephu Mindfulness City (GMC) is a Special Administrative Region in Bhutan, envisioned by His Majesty King Jigme. • an innovative urban development project that integrates economic growth with mindfulness, holistic living, and sustainability. • It is located in the south-central part of Bhutan and covers over 2500 square kilometers (bigger than Singapore). • It is a first-of-its-kind Special Administrative Region (SAR) in Bhutan with independent judiciary and lawmaking powers. • Vision: To create a sustainable, zero-carbon city promoting harmony, sustainability, and Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness philosophy. • The GMC will have two protected areas - a national park and a wildlife sanctuary. • Designed as a low-rise, eco-friendly city prioritizing personal well-being and environmental sustainability. • will be built around a series of inhabitable bridges. • The city will have its own international airport. • The city’s location is strategic for India’s “Act East” policy, improving connectivity to Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific region.

🔔 THREE-LANGUAGE FORMULA (TLF) • schoolchildren to learn three languages. • In Hindi-speaking states, students learn Hindi, English, and a modern Indian language (preferably a South Indian language). • In non-Hindi-speaking states, they learn their regional language, Hindi, and English. • The formula was first proposed by the Radhakrishnan Commission (1948–49) and later accepted by the Kothari Commission. • It was included in the education policies of the 1960s and 1980s. • Experts, including D.P. Pattanayak and Ramakant Agnihotri supported it. • Tamil Nadu refused it, saying it violates federal principles.

JHUMOIR BINANDINI • A folk dance performed by the Adivasi tea tribes of Assam. • performed by both men and women • performed in Assam, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Bihar and West Bengal. • Jhumur songs narrate stories of migration, exploitation, and the social struggles of the tea garden community. • Musical instruments such as the madal, dhol, dhak, flutes, and cymbals. • Jhumur was brought to Assam by the tea garden community. • They settled in Assam in the 19th century to work in tea gardens established by the British. • Mega Jhumoir event symbolises 200 years of the tea industry, and also 200 years of industrialisation in Assam.

🌾 India’s Food Subsidy and Crop Production: Key Highlights 📊 Food Subsidy Trends (2017–2024) ✅ 2017-18: ₹1,00,000 crore ✅ 2018-19: ₹1,20,000 crore ✅ 2019-20: ₹1,50,000 crore ✅2020-21:₹6,00,000 crore(Peak) ✅ 2021-22: ₹2,50,000 crore ✅ 2022-23: ₹3,00,000 crore ✅ 2023-24: ₹2,50,000 crore 🌾 State-Wise Leading Crop Producers ✅ Food Grains: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab ✅ Millets: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh ✅ Pulses: Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Rajasthan ✅ Oilseeds: Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh > Gujarat 🌱 Major Crops Overview 🌾 Rice ✅ Global Producers: China > India ✅ Leading States: Telangana > Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal ✅ Temperature: 21–37°C ✅ Rainfall: 100 cm+ 🌾 Wheat ✅ Global Producers: China > India ✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh > Punjab ✅ Temperature: 10–25°C ✅ Rainfall: 50–75 cm 🌽 Maize ✅ Global Producers: USA ✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Bihar > Madhya Pradesh ✅ Temperature: 21–27°C ✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm 🌾 Sugarcane ✅ Global Producers: Brazil > India ✅ Leading States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka ✅ Temperature: 21–27°C ✅ Rainfall: 75–100 cm 🌿 Tea ✅ Global Producers: China > India > Kenya ✅ Leading States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu ✅ Temperature: 20–30°C ✅ Rainfall: 150–300 cm ☕️ Coffee ✅ Global Producers: Brazil ✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu ✅ Temperature: 15–28°C 🌾 Cotton ✅ Global Producers: China > India > USA ✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana ✅ Temperature: 21–27°C ✅ Rainfall: 50–100 cm 🌱 Other Important Crops 🌿 Groundnut ✅ Global Producers: China > India ✅ Leading States: Gujarat > Rajasthan > Madhya Pradesh 🌻 Sunflower ✅ Global Producers: Ukraine ✅ Leading States: Karnataka > Haryana > Odisha 🌾 Rapeseed and Mustard: NEPAL ✅ Leading States: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Madhya Pradesh 🌾 Jute and Mesta ✅ Global Producers: India > Bangladesh ✅ Leading States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam 🌱 Rubber ✅ Global Producers: Thailand > Indonesia > India ✅ Leading States: Kerala > Tripura > Karnataka ✅ Temperature: 25°C+ ✅ Rainfall: 200 cm+ #AGRICULTURE

The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line that passes through eight states in India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.  Key facts •The Tropic of Cancer is a parallel of latitude that runs 23.5 degrees north of the equator.  •The Mahi River is the only river in India that crosses the Tropic of Cancer twice.  •The capital of Jharkhand, Ranchi, is the only state capital in India that is located on the Tropic of Cancer.  •Udaipur in Tripura is the closest city to the Tropic of Cancer.  •The Tropic of Cancer passes through 17 nations.  States where the Tropic of Cancer passes through  •Gujarat: Jasdan •Rajasthan: Kalinjarh •Madhya Pradesh: Shajapur •Chhattisgarh: Sonhat •Jharkhand: Lohardaga •West Bengal: Krishnanagar •Tripura: Udaipur •Mizoram: Champhai When the sun's rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer The summer solstice is on June 21, and the sun's rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer. This is why summers in India are very hot.

🔔 NEW RAMSAR SITES in INDIA • India has increased its tally of Ramsar sites to 89 now. • Newly Added Ramsar Sites (February 2025) :: - Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu) - Therthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu) - Khecheopalri Wetland (Sikkim) - Udhwa Lake (Jharkhand) • Ramsar is a city in Iran. • In 1971, an international treaty for wetlands conservation and sustainable use was signed at Ramsar. • Mission is “the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local and national actions and international cooperation." • World’s first Site was the Cobourg Peninsula in Australia, designated in 1974. • India signed it on 1st Feb 1982. • Tamil Nadu has the maximum no. of Ramsar sites - 20 • Assam has only one Ramsar site : DEEPOR BEEL designated in 2002. • Manipur : Loktak Lake • Mizoram : Pala Wetland • Tripura : Rudrasagar Lake • Sikkim : Khecheopalri Wetland (newly added)