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■ Formation of States and Union Territories: • At the time of independence, India comprised two categories of political units, namely, the British provinces (under the direct rule of British government) and the princely states (under the rule of native princes but subject to the paramountcy of the British Crown). • The Indian Independence Act (1947) created two independent and separate dominions of India and Pakistan and gave three options to the princely states viz., joining India, joining Pakistan or remaining independent. • Of the 552 princely states situated within the geographical boundaries of India, 549 joined India and the remaining 3 (Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir) refused to join India. • However, in course of time, they were also integrated with India–Hyderabad by means of police action, Junagarh by means of referendum and Kashmir by the Instrument of Accession. • In 1950, the Constitution contained a four-fold classification of the states and territories of the Indian Union–Part A, Part B and Part C states and Part D territories. • A demand for reorganisation of states on linguistic basis rose in different regions, particularly South India. □ S.K. Dhar Commission, 1948: • In June 1948, the Government of India appointed the Linguistic Provinces Commission under the chairmanship of S.K. Dhar to examine the feasibility of this. • The commission submitted its report in December, 1948, and recommended the reorganisation of states on the basis of administrative convenience rather than linguistic factor. □ JVP Committee, 1948: •  This created much resentment and led to the appointment of another Linguistic Provinces Committee by the Congress in December 1948, itself to examine the whole question afresh. • It consisted of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallahbhai Patel and Pattabhi Sitaramayya and hence, was popularly known as JVP Committee. • It submitted its report in April, 1949, and formally rejected language as the basis for reorganisation of states. • However, in October, 1953, the Government of India was forced to create the first linguistic state, known as Andhra state, by separating the Telugu speaking areas from the Madras state. • This followed a prolonged popular agitation and the death of Potti Sriramulu, a Congress person of standing, after a 56-day hunger strike for the cause. □ Fazal Ali Commission, 1953: • The creation of Andhra state intensified the demand from other regions for creation of states on linguistic basis. • This forced the Government of India to appoint (in December, 1953) a three member States Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali to re-examine the whole question. • Its other two members were K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru. • It submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly accepted language as the basis of reorganisation of states. ○ By the States Reorganisation Act (1956) and the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act (1956), the distinction between Part A and Part B states was done away with and Part C states were abolished. Some of them were merged with adjacent states and some other were designated as union territories. As a result, 14 states and 6 union territories were created on November 1, 1956.

■ Places, Species, Other names in News (April 2022): □ Places: ● Sittwe port - Myanmar. ● Payra port - Bangladesh. ● Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve - Tamil Nadu. ● Sahydari Tiger Reserve - Maharashtra. ● Kallanai Dam (Grand Anicut), Veeranam lake, Kalingarayan Anicut - Tamil Nadu. ● Sukwa Dhukwan Weir - Uttar Pradesh. ● Palli - Palli village in Jammu and Kashmir became India's 1st Carbon Neutral Panchayat. ● Al-Aqsa mosque - Jerusalem. ● Jamnagar - WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine (GCTM) at Jamnagar in Gujarat. ● Mangala Devi Kannagi Temple - It was built by Cheran Chenguttuvan and called it Kannagi Kottam or Mangaladevi Kannagi Temple. Kannagi is the main deity. She burnt Madurai for the injustice meted out to her by the King Pandian Nedunchezhian. ● Cyclopean wall - Bihar. □ Other names: ● PAIS (Punjab Artificial Intelligence System) App - This App uses machine learning, deep learning, visual search, and face recognition for the identifica tion of criminals to assist police personnel. This app helps in storing and carrying information about criminals. ● FASTER (Fast and Secured Transmission of Electronic Records) - It is a digital platform recently launched by the Supreme Court for fast and secured delivery of urgent court orders in encrypted electronic format to the stakeholders, as well as live streaming of court proceedings. ● Exercise Khanjar-2022 ‐ It is a joint Special Forces Military Exercise between India and Kyrgyzstan. This is the 9th edition of the exercise. The exercise held at Bakloh in Himachal Pradesh. ● Sarmat Intercontinental Ballistic Missile - Russia. ● Scorpene class submarines - The sixth and last French Scorpene class submarine, INS Vagsheer was launched into water. Other submarines are: INS Kalvari was commissioned in December 2017; INS Khanderi in September 2019; INS Vagir in November 2020; INS Karanj in March 2021; and INS Vela in November 2021. ● Bihu Dance - Assam. ● Lata Deenanath Mangeshkar Award - Prime Minister Narendra Modi received the first Lata Deenanath Mangeshkar Award for his selfless service to the nation and society.

■ Police custody Vs Judicial custody: • The National Human Rights Commission reported over 2,150 cases of deaths in judicial custody and 155 deaths in police custody in 2021-22. □ What is Police custody? • Following a complaint about a crime, the police arrest a suspect in order to prevent him from committing other offensive acts. • The police have the physical custody of the suspect and may interrogate him. • They have to produce the suspect before a judge within 24 hours of the arrest. • Maharashtra reported the highest number of 29 deaths in police custody in 2021-22 till February. □ What is Judicial custody? • This is when an accused is in the custody of a Magistrate. • In police custody, the accused is lodged in a police station, whereas in judicial custody, he is lodged in prison. • Police custody may extend only up to 15 days but judicial custody may extend up to 90 days. • Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest number of 448 deaths in judicial custody in 2021-22 till February.

■ Press Freedom Index 2022: • In the 2022 edition of the Press Freedom Index, India fell to the 150th position, its lowest ever, out of 180 countries. • The Press Freedom Index is published by Reporters Without Borders. • Norway ranked 1st, Denmark (2nd), Sweden (3rd) Estonia (4th) and Finland (5th) grabbed the top positions, while North Korea remained at the bottom of the list of the 180 countries. • In the last edition (2021), India was ranked eight positions higher, at 142. • The ranking is based on a country’s performance in five broad categories: Political context, Legal framework, Economic context, Sociocultural context, and Safety of journalists. • Of the five, India’s ranking was lowest in the safety of journalists category (163) and best in the legal framework category (120). • India's neighboring countries ranks are Nepal (76), Pakistan (157), Bangladesh (162), China (175), Sri Lanka (146), and Myanmar (176).

■ Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) & Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): • Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) will provide insurance cover in the unfortunate event of death by any cause or disability due to an accident. □ Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY): • Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) gives an insurance policy and financial aid to the people belonging to the lower section of the society in case of any mishap or accident. • It was launched on 9th May 2015. • Under the PMSBY scheme, the risk coverage is Rs.2 lakh for accidental death and permanent disability and Rs.1 lakh for partial disability. • The premium payable is Rs.12 per annum per member, and the amount is deducted from the bank account through auto-debit in one installment.  • Any individual between the age of 18 years to 70 years is eligible to apply for the scheme. • He/she must hold a bank account and along with their phone number linked to their account. • In the case of an account holder’s death, their nominee can benefit from the scheme. • This scheme is offered through Public Sector General Insurance Companies (PSGICs) and other general insurance companies, jointly with banks. □ Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY): • Pradhan Mantri  Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Kolkata on 9th May 2015. • PMJJBY offers a renewable one year life cover of Rs 2 lakh to all savings bank account holders in the age group of 18-50 years, covering death due to any reason, for a premium of Rs 330 per annum per subscriber.