IFRS/Audit/Tax/Finance/Excel®

IFRS 18 summary https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ifrs/ifrs-18

IFRS 18 is here: redefining financial performance reporting https://viewpoint.pwc.com/dt/gx/en/pwc/in_briefs/in_briefs_INT/in_briefs_INT/ifrs-18-is-here-redefining-financial-performance-reporting.html

IFRS 18 which replaces IAS 1 is now in issue.

iii) Consider the need to test journal entries and other adjustments throughout the period. (Ref: Para. A42–A45) (b) Review accounting estimates for biases and evaluate whether the circumstances producing the bias, if any, represent a risk of material misstatement due to fraud. In performing this review, the auditor shall: (i) Evaluate whether the judgments and decisions made by management in making the accounting estimates included in the financial statements, even if they are individually reasonable, indicate a possible bias on the part of the entity’s management that may represent a risk of material misstatement due to fraud. If so, the auditor shall reevaluate the accounting estimates taken as a whole; and (ii) Perform a retrospective review of management judgments and assumptions related to significant accounting estimates reflected in the financial statements of the prior year. (Ref: Para. A46–A48) (c) For significant transactions that are outside the normal course of business for the entity, or that otherwise appear to be unusual given the auditor’s understanding of the entity and its environment and other information obtained during the audit, the auditor shall evaluate whether the business rationale (or the lack thereof) of the transactions suggests that they may have been entered into to engage in fraudulent financial reporting or to conceal misappropriation of assets. (Ref: Para. A49) 34. The auditor shall determine whether, in order to respond to the identified risks of management override of controls, the auditor needs to perform other audit procedures in addition to those specifically referred to above (that is, where there are specific additional risks of management override that are not covered as part of the procedures performed to address the requirements in paragraph 33).

Identification and Assessment of the Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud 26. In accordance with ISA 315 (Revised 2019), the auditor shall identify and assess the risks of material misstatement due to fraud at the financial statement level, and at the assertion level for classes of transactions, account balances and disclosures.8 27. When identifying and assessing the risks of material misstatement due to fraud, the auditor shall, based on a presumption that there are risks of fraud in revenue recognition, evaluate which types of revenue, revenue transactions or assertions give rise to such risks. Paragraph 48 specifies the documentation required where the auditor concludes that the presumption is not applicable in the circumstances of the engagement and, accordingly, has not identified revenue recognition as a risk of material misstatement due to fraud. (Ref: Para. A29–A31) 28. The auditor shall treat those assessed risks of material misstatement due to fraud as significant risks and accordingly, to the extent not already done so, the auditor shall identify the entity’s controls that address such risks, and evaluate their design and determine whether they have been implemented.9 (Ref: Para. A32–A33) Responses to the Assessed Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud Overall Responses 29. In accordance with ISA 330, the auditor shall determine overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement due to fraud at the financial statement level.10 (Ref: Para. A34) 30. In determining overall responses to address the assessed risks of material misstatement due to fraud at the financial statement level, the auditor shall: (a) Assign and supervise personnel taking account of the knowledge, skill and ability of the individuals to be given significant engagement responsibilities and the auditor’s assessment of the risks of material misstatement due to fraud for the engagement; (Ref: Para. A35–A36) (b) Evaluate whether the selection and application of accounting policies by the entity, particularly those related to subjective measurements and complex transactions, may be indicative of fraudulent financial reporting resulting from management’s effort to manage earnings; and (c) Incorporate an element of unpredictability in the selection of the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures. (Ref: Para. A37) Audit Procedures Responsive to Assessed Risks of Material Misstatement Due to Fraud at the Assertion Level 31. In accordance with ISA 330, the auditor shall design and perform further audit procedures whose nature, timing and extent are responsive to the assessed risks of material misstatement due to fraud at the assertion level.11 (Ref: Para. A38–A41) Audit Procedures Responsive to Risks Related to Management Override of Controls 32. Management is in a unique position to perpetrate fraud because of management’s ability to manipulate accounting records and prepare fraudulent financial statements by overriding controls that otherwise appear to be operating effectively. Although the level of risk of management override of controls will vary from entity to entity, the risk is nevertheless present in all entities. Due to the unpredictable way in which such override could occur, it is a risk of material misstatement due to fraud and thus a significant risk. 33. Irrespective of the auditor’s assessment of the risks of management override of controls, the auditor shall design and perform audit procedures to: (a) Test the appropriateness of journal entries recorded in the general ledger and other adjustments made in the preparation of the financial statements. In designing and performing audit procedures for such tests, the auditor shall: (i) Make inquiries of individuals involved in the financial reporting process about inappropriate or unusual activity relating to the processing of journal entries and other adjustments; (ii) Select journal entries and other adjustments made at the end of a reporting period; an

IFRS for SMEs exposure draft issued Sep 2022