جــرعــة طــب

A patient undergoes Heller myotomy for achalasia. Which complication is most likely afterward?

Which of the following symptoms is most characteristic of achalasia?

Which diagnostic test is considered the gold standard for achalasia?

Which infectious disease is most commonly associated with secondary achalasia?

A 30-year-old man presents with dysphagia and regurgitation. A barium swallow reveals narrowing of the distal esophagus with proximal dilation. Which of the following is the most definitive treatment

A patient with refractory GERD symptoms despite maximal PPI therapy undergoes 24-hour pH monitoring, which is normal. Esophageal manometry is also normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient with long-standing reflux has “salmon-colored” mucosa in the distal esophagus with intestinal-type epithelium. Which process is responsible?

patient with chronic heartburn worse after meals and lying down has distal esophageal erosions and basal cell hyperplasia on biopsy Which of the following is the most important physiologic abnormality

Patient using inhaled steroids develops esophageal white plaques and dysphagia. Cause?

Immunocompromised patient with odynophagia has no oral thrush but shows large esophageal ulcers with cytomegalic cells. Cause?

Young patient with atopy has dysphagia, rings on endoscopy, and eosinophils on biopsy. Mechanism?

Patient develops chest pain after taking pills with little water and lying down; mid-esophageal ulcer seen. Cause?

Patient on antibiotics develops odynophagia and white esophageal plaques. Mechanism?

Transplant patient with odynophagia has small punched-out esophageal ulcers; biopsy shows multinucleated giant cells. Cause?

HIV patient (CD4 <50) with odynophagia has large linear distal esophageal ulcers; biopsy shows intranuclear inclusions. Cause?

Immunocompromised patient with odynophagia has white plaques in the esophagus; biopsy shows pseudohyphae. What is the cause?