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Eurasia DNA

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To Continue, we can discuss about the achievements of the early Aryans aka Proto-Indo-Iranian people, that is before they mig
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To Continue, we can discuss about the achievements of the early Aryans aka Proto-Indo-Iranian people, that is before they migrated to Iran and India, because they were certainly influenced by many indigenous peoples after what we call the Western Iranian and Vedic civilizations. This people originated from the Fatyanovo culture, according to the evidence, they experienced a relatively sedentary life in the forests for like500-700 years, then they moved east and experienced more mobility at this time until they reached the Ural Mountains, which we call the Sintashta culture. In the following, The achievements of these people will be told. 1- Two-wheeled war chariots: These people continued the technology of their ancestors, horses and four-wheeled wagons, their conditions and lifestyle caused them to modify the wagons and build war chariots. The first wooden war chariot with two wheels was found in this culture and then spread all over the world. the chariots that were formed in the Great War of the Chariots among the Hittites, Egyptians and others all come from the Sintashta chariots. They also used spoked wheels for the first time, which made the vehicle more agile and efficient. Their chariots spread from China to northern and western Europe before they start to conquer anywhere. 2- Large structures: Although the ancestors of these people, and even a high percentage of their descendants for 2,000 years after them, were nomadic, a large and unusual structure is found among the early Aryans that did not exist in any other Indo-European culture that was not associated with agricultural civilizations. The circular cities of Sintashta, which functioned like fortresses made of stone and wood, were a structure to defend against invaders and to cover their lifestyle, a double-walled structure, on the outer layer of which lived the livestock and herders, and on the inner layer the priests and blacksmiths. Guards stood at the top of the walls, to warn the attacks, charioteers rode into the Uralic enemy in chariots built in these cities. Each of these fortresses could accommodate up to a thousand people, so it was a union where people of all social classes could cooperate to resist external and natural dangers. These large and strange structures were almost never seen in this form and size in any of their descendants.

Бактрийско-ΠœΠ°Ρ€Π³ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ архСологичСский комплСкс (BMAC, Оксская цивилизация) Бактрийско-ΠœΠ°Ρ€Π³ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ архСологичСский комплСкс (
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Бактрийско-ΠœΠ°Ρ€Π³ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ архСологичСский комплСкс (BMAC, Оксская цивилизация) Бактрийско-ΠœΠ°Ρ€Π³ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ архСологичСский комплСкс (BMAC), Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ извСстный ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Оксская цивилизация, прСдставляСт собой ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρƒ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… архСологичСских ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Азии (ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ 2300–1700 Π³Π³. Π΄ΠΎ Π½. э.). Он Π±Ρ‹Π» распространён Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ соврСмСнных ВуркмСнистана, УзбСкистана, ВадТикистана, сСвСрного Афганистана ΠΈ сСвСро-восточного Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½Π°.КомплСкс Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ ΠΈ исслСдован Π² 1970-Ρ… Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… совСтским Π°Ρ€Ρ…Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Π’ΠΈΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ. Раскопки выявили высокоорганизованноС городскоС общСство с ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ крСпостныС сооруТСния ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ комплСксы), Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ систСмой ΠΈΡ€Ρ€ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, рСмСслСнным производством ΠΈ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΠΈΠΏΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ мСталлопластикой, Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ связи с цивилизациями Π‘Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Востока ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Инда. ГСнСтичСский Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² соврСмСнныС популяцииБогласно соврСмСнным палСогСнСтичСским Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, BMAC внёс сущСствСнный Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° восточноиранских Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π² частности Ρ‚Π°Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Доля ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° BMAC Ρƒ Ρ‚Π°Π΄ΠΆΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² срСднСм составляСт ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 45 %, Π²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡ Π² зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ популяции Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ 25–55 %. ГСнСтичСский состав насСлСния BMAΠ‘ ΠŸΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ насСлСниС BMAC Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ сформировано нСсколькими основными источниками Π² ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… пропорциях: Π˜Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ нСолитичСскиС Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Ρ‹ (Iran_N, связанныС с зиагросскими ΠΈ восточноиранскими нСолитичСскими популяциями) β€” Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚, β‰ˆ 60 %. АнатолийскиС нСолитичСскиС Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ†Ρ‹ (Anatolian Neolithic Farmers, ANF) β€” β‰ˆ 20 %. ΠœΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ (прСдставлСнный ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π’ΡƒΡ‚ΠΊΠ°ΡƒΠ»Π°, ВадТикистан), Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡŒ Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… сСвСрных Π΅Π²Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠΉΡ†Π΅Π² (ANE) β€” β‰ˆ 15 %. Π”Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡŽΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ°Ρ‚ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ (Ancient Ancestral South Indian, AASI) β€” ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ, β‰ˆ 2 %.
Bactrian-Margian Archaeological Complex (BMAC, Oxus Civilization) The Bactrian-Margian Archaeological Complex (BMAC), also known as the Oxus Civilization, is one of the most significant Bronze Age archaeological cultures of Central Asia (circa 2300–1700 BCE). It was spread across the territories of modern-day Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, northern Afghanistan, and northeastern Iran. The complex was discovered and investigated in the 1970s by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi. Excavations revealed a highly organized urban society with monumental architecture (including fortifications and temple complexes), a developed irrigation system, craft production, and distinctive glyptics and metalwork, demonstrating connections with the civilizations of the Near East and the Indus Valley. Genetic contribution to modern populations According to current paleogenetic data, the BMAC made a substantial contribution to the gene pool of Eastern Iranian peoples, particularly the Tajiks. The BMAC component in Tajiks averages around 45%, ranging from 25% to 55% depending on the population. Genetic composition of the BMAC population Paleogenetic analysis indicates that the BMAC population was formed from several main sources, in roughly the following proportions: Iranian Neolithic farmers (Iran_N, associated with Zagros and Eastern Iranian Neolithic populations) β€” dominant component, β‰ˆ 60%. Anatolian Neolithic farmers (ANF) β€” β‰ˆ 20%. Local Central Asian Neolithic (represented by specimens from Tutkaul, Tajikistan), including a significant admixture from Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) β€” β‰ˆ 15%. Ancient Ancestral South Indian component (AASI) β€” minor, β‰ˆ 2%.
https://t.me/Eurasiadna

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Facial reconstruction of a 4,000-year-old Aryan girl from Samara
This young woman (about 14-15 years old), from a collective burial at the Utyovka VI burial ground (kurgan 2, burial 6, Neftegorsky District, Samara Region), belonged to the Potapovka-Sintashta cultural block of the early Late Bronze Age.   The Potapovka culture was a syncretism of the Abashevo and Poltavka cultures and was closely related to the Sintashta culture.   Potapovka burial practices are highly diverse. Central graves are large (4.5–10 mΒ³) and are surrounded by smaller peripheral burials. They feature wooden coverings, stepped walls, and internal pits or grooves. Some graves, such as Utyovka VI, contained complex wooden structures with horse sacrifices and dismantled chariots placed inside. Bodies were usually laid on the left side or on the back, slightly flexed, with bent arms.   Grave goods at Utyovka VI are abundant and varied: numerous metal tools and weapons (knives, daggers, spearheads), ornaments (bracelets, pendants, beads), and stone tools for sharpening. Some items show Near Eastern connections. Rare silver and gold ornaments were also found. Burials often included full quivers with flint arrowheads (up to 16 per grave). Arrows were about 50 cm long, and bows up to 1 m, with a range of about 300 m. Clothing was decorated with beads made of metal, faience, and stone.   A distinctive feature is the presence of antler cheekpieces (psalia), linked to horse gear and sometimes decorated, with parallels across the Eurasian steppe. Bone artifacts (arrowheads, beads, combs, discs) are also common and diverse (Vasiliev I.B., Kuznetsov P.F., Turetski M.A., 2000).
РСконструкция Π»ΠΈΡ†Π° 4000-Π»Π΅Ρ‚Π½Π΅ΠΉ арийской Π΄Π΅Π²ΡƒΡˆΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π°ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‹
Π­Ρ‚Π° молодая ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‰ΠΈΠ½Π° (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 14–15 Π»Π΅Ρ‚), ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ захоронСния Π½Π° могильникС Π£Ρ‚Ρ‘Π²ΠΊΠ° VI (ΠΊΡƒΡ€Π³Π°Π½ 2, ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 6, НСфтСгорский Ρ€Π°ΠΉΠΎΠ½, Бамарская ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ), ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»Π° ΠΊ потаповско-ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΡƒ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΠΎΡ‚Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° прСдставляла собой синкрСтизм абашСвской ΠΈ полтавкинской ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° тСсно связана с ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ. ΠŸΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ потаповской ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ большим Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ (4,5–10 ΠΌΒ³) ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ захоронСниями. Они ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ дСрСвянныС пСрСкрытия, ступСнчатыС стСны ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ямы ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. НСкоторыС ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ»Ρ‹, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π£Ρ‚Ρ‘Π²ΠΊΠ° VI, содСрТали слоТныС дСрСвянныС конструкции с ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ лошадСй ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ колСсницами, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ‰Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΡŒ. Π’Π΅Π»Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎ ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π½Π° Π»Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° спину, слСгка согнутыми, с согнутыми Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΡŒ Π² Π£Ρ‚Ρ‘Π²ΠΊΠ΅ VI ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π΅Π½: многочислСнныС мСталличСскиС орудия ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ΅ (Π½ΠΎΠΆΠΈ, ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ°Π»Ρ‹, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΉ), ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (браслСты, подвСски, бусы), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ инструмСнты для Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ. НСкоторыС ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ связи с Π‘Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Востоком. Π‘Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ сСрСбряныС ΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹Π΅ ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’ захоронСниях часто Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ‡Π°Π½Ρ‹ с ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‘Π²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ стрСл (Π΄ΠΎ 16 Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ). Π”Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° стрСл составляла ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 50 см, Π° Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ² β€” Π΄ΠΎ 1 ΠΌ, с Π΄Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 300 ΠΌ. ОдСТда ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡŒ бусами ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π»Π°, фаянса ΠΈ камня. ΠžΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ являСтся Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… псалиСв (Ρ‰Ρ‘Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π°), связанных с конским снаряТСниСм ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, с аналогиями ΠΏΠΎ всСй Евразийской стСпи. ΠšΠΎΡΡ‚ΡΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ издСлия (Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ стрСл, бусы, Π³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π½ΠΈ, диски) Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ распространСны ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ (Π’Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ΅Π² И.Π‘., ΠšΡƒΠ·Π½Π΅Ρ†ΠΎΠ² П.Π€., Π’ΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΈΠΉ М.А., 2000).
https://t.me/Eurasiadna

ΠšΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎ-иранских (арийских) традициях Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π» Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ мСсто Π² Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ воинских традициях ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎ-ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Ρ†
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ΠšΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎ-иранских (арийских) традициях Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΊ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π» Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ мСсто Π² Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ воинских традициях ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎ-ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Ρ†Π΅Π² (Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅Π²). Он символизировал Β«ΡΠ²ΡΡ‰Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΒ» β€” ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡƒΡŽ, Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΡΡ€ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡƒΡŽ для боя, Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ роста ΠΈ развития воинских Π½Π°Π²Ρ‹ΠΊΠΎΠ². Π­Ρ‚Π° символика Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»Π° Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ Π·Π° Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, воплощая ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»Ρ‹ муТСства, агрСссии ΠΈ дисциплинированной свирСпости, ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠœΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ обряды ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ символичСски Β«ΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈΒ». Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ β€” ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° посвящённыС ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ общСства ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π² пространствС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΈ свящСнным. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ обряды ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΉ индоСвропСйский Π°Ρ€Ρ…Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ символа воинской трансформации. Врадиция восходит ΠΊ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ ΡˆΠ½ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ΅Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ распространСна срСди Π½Π΅ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… индоСвропСйских Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ, связанных с этой ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠΉ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π±Ρ‹Π» ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ распространён срСди Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… арийских Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π’ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΎ-иранских источниках Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ воинскиС Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Airya-Varka («арийскиС Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΈΒ»), Π° тСксты АвСсты ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π²ΠΎΠ»Ρ‡ΡŒΠΈ качСства, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ муТСство, силу ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΡƒ. Π‘ лингвистичСской Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния, иранскоС слово varka (Β«Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΒ») связано с славянским volk, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡Ρ‘Ρ€ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ индоСвропСйскиС ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Ρ€Ρ…Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, воинской трансформации ΠΈ свящСнной свирСпости. На протяТСнии ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΊ оставался символом лиминального Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π° β€” сущСства, способного ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ чСловСчСскоС ΠΈ боТСствСнноС, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, β€” Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ элСмСнтом идСнтичности ΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ арийских воинских общСств.
The Wolf Cult in Indo-Iranian (Aryan) Traditions The wolf held a central place in the religious and warrior traditions of the Indo-Iranians (Aryans). It symbolized β€œsacred fury”—a controlled, ritualized rage necessary for battle, personal growth, and the development of martial skills. This symbolism went far beyond depicting an animal, representing ideals such as courage, aggression, and disciplined ferocity expected of warriors. Young men underwent initiation rites in which they symbolically β€œbecame wolves.” These rituals marked their transition into full warrior status and emphasized liminalityβ€”a period in which the initiates were separated from ordinary society, inhabiting a space between human and wild, ordinary and sacred. These rites reflect the deep Indo-European archetype of the wolf as a guide and a symbol of warrior transformation. The tradition can be traced back to the Corded Ware culture and was also present among the Neurians and other Corded Ware-related Indo-European groups, showing that the wolf cult was widespread among early Aryan-descended peoples. In Indo-Iranian sources, ritual warrior bands were called Airya-Varka (β€œAryan Wolves”), and texts of the Avesta describe warriors adopting wolf-like qualities to demonstrate courage, strength, and divine favor. Linguistically, the Iranian word varka (β€œwolf”) is cognate with the Slavic volk, highlighting the deep Indo-European roots of the wolf as an archetype of initiation, martial transformation, and sacred ferocity. Across generations and cultures, the wolf remained a symbol of the liminal warriorβ€”a being bridging the human and divine, the natural and ritualizedβ€”making it central to the identity and ideology of Aryan warrior societies.
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Π’ ΠΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅Π΅ Π’Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π° прСдставили Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ рСконструкции срСднСвСковых аланских всадников. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π½Π°Π΄ Ρ„
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Π’ ΠΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΡƒΠ·Π΅Π΅ Π’Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π° прСдставили Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ рСконструкции срСднСвСковых аланских всадников. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π½Π°Π΄ Ρ„ΠΈΠ³ΡƒΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ длилась ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π»Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°, ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ конская амуниция воссозданы ΠΏΠΎ архСологичСским Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. Аланы Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ираноязычным ΠΊΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π» с Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΉ Π£Ρ€Π°Π»Π° ΠΈ Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Азии Π½Π° Кавказ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅ рассСлился Π² Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… частях Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ ΠΈ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Африки. Π˜Ρ… язык развился ΠΈΠ· сарматских языков, Π° ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ гСнСтичСски ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ связаны с ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ сарматами. ΠŸΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π°Π»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡˆΠΈΡ… Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° КавказС, Π² ΠšΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΡƒ, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… странах Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ β€” Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Испании, Π’Π΅Π½Π³Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ, Англии, МолдовС β€” ΠΈ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ АфрикС. РСконструкции Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ наглядноС прСдставлСниС ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ выглядСли эти всадники.
The National Museum of Vladikavkaz has unveiled two life-sized reconstructions of medieval Alanian riders. The figures took five years to create and are based on archaeological finds, with clothing, weapons, and horse equipment accurately recreated. The Alans were an Iranian-speaking nomadic people who migrated from the Ural region and Central Asia to the Caucasus, later spreading into parts of Europe and even North Africa. Their language descended from the Sarmatian languages, and they are closely linked to the Late Sarmatians both culturally and genetically. Descendants of the Alans still exist today in the Caucasus, Crimea, parts of Europe such as France, Spain, Hungary, England, and Moldova, and in North Africa. The reconstructions offer a vivid glimpse of what these riders once looked like.
http://t.me/Eurasiadna

ГСнСтичСский ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒ соврСмСнных Π²Π΅Π½Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ², согласно модСлям Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π”ΠΠš, дСмонстрируСт Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ для Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ
ГСнСтичСский ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»ΡŒ соврСмСнных Π²Π΅Π½Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ², согласно модСлям Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π”ΠΠš, дСмонстрируСт Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠΈΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ для Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ с ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ западноСвразийских ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 98.5 %), ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ минимальной Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ восточноСвразийского Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π° (β‰ˆ1.5 %).ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ autosomal Π”ΠΠš Π²Π΅Π½Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ: Ямная стСпная ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ-индоСвропСйская ancestry (Yamnaya Steppe Proto-Indo-Europeans) β€” β‰ˆ48.2 %. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ основной стСпной ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ΅Π΄ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ с миграциями ямной ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΎΠ². Π Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ СвропСйскиС Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ (Early European Farmers, Globular Amphora culture) β€” β‰ˆ43.4 %. НСолитичСский Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ субстрат Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹, Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° стСпных Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ. Π Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ΅ СвропСйскиС Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ Π“Ρ€Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ / юго-востока β€” β‰ˆ8.0 %. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ-ΡƒΡ€Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ (Proto-Uralic) β€” всСго β‰ˆ0.4 %, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ соотвСтствуСт ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ слабому ΡΠΎΡ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ гСнСтичСского слСда ΠΎΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ-камских ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°Π΄ΡŒΡΡ€. Π’ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ… (ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Π΅ΠΊ β€” Ρ€Π°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡ€Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡŒΠ΅) Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ сыграли ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ admixture: Π‘Π°Π»Ρ‚ΠΎ-славянский ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ‚ (Balto-Slavic, β‰ˆ900–350 Π΄ΠΎ Π½.э.) β€” β‰ˆ29.2 %. Панонский (Paenonian, 750–100 Π΄ΠΎ Π½.э.) β€” β‰ˆ29.2 %. ГСрманский (Germanic, β‰ˆ100–630 Π½.э.) β€” β‰ˆ25.2 %. Блавянский (Slavic, β‰ˆ540–1270 Π½.э.) β€” β‰ˆ42.6 % (самый ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄). Π˜Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ / романский (Italian / Roman Italy, β‰ˆ650–1450 Π½.э.) β€” β‰ˆ12.6 %. Балканский (Balkans, β‰ˆ500–1000 Π½.э.) β€” β‰ˆ14.6 %. Π’ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ-финский (Volga Finn, β‰ˆ700–400) β€” β‰ˆ3.2 %. Π–Π΅Π»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Π΅ΠΊ ΠšΠ°Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΈ (Iron Age Karelia) β€” β‰ˆ4.6 %. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ соврСмСнных Π²Π΅Π½Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π² основном сформирован трСмя Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ слоями: НСолитичСскиС Ρ„Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ (EEF) Π‘Ρ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Π΅ΠΊ (Yamnaya-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ) РаннСсрСднСвСковый славянский ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ (особСнно ΡΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π² Паннонском бассСйнС послС VI–VII Π²Π².)
The genetic profile of modern Hungarians, according to ancient DNA models, displays a typical Central European pattern with a predominance of West Eurasian components (around 98.5%), and a minimal proportion of East Eurasian contribution (β‰ˆ1.5%). The main ancient autosomal DNA components of Hungarians are composed as follows: Β· Yamnaya Steppe Proto-Indo-European ancestry β€” β‰ˆ48.2%. This is the primary Bronze Age steppe component that arrived in the region with the migrations of the Yamnaya culture and its descendants. Β· Early European Farmers (Globular Amphora culture) β€” β‰ˆ43.4%. The Neolithic agricultural substrate of Central Europe, which dominated before the arrival of steppe groups. Β· Early European Farmers of Greece / Southeast Europe β€” β‰ˆ8.0%. Β· Proto-Uralic component β€” only β‰ˆ0.4%, corresponding to an extremely weak preservation of the genetic trace from the Volga-Kama ancestors of the Magyars. In later periods (Iron Age β€” Early Middle Ages), migrations and admixture played a significant role: Β· Balto-Slavic component (β‰ˆ900–350 BC) β€” β‰ˆ29.2%. Β· Pannonian (750–100 BC) β€” β‰ˆ29.2%. Β· Germanic (β‰ˆ100–630 AD) β€” β‰ˆ25.2%. Β· Slavic (β‰ˆ540–1270 AD) β€” β‰ˆ42.6% (the largest late contribution). Β· Italian / Roman (β‰ˆ650–1450 AD) β€” β‰ˆ12.6%. Β· Balkan (β‰ˆ500–1000 AD) β€” β‰ˆ14.6%. Β· Volga Finn (β‰ˆ700–400 BC) β€” β‰ˆ3.2%. Β· Iron Age Karelia β€” β‰ˆ4.6%. Thus, the genome of modern Hungarians is mainly shaped by three major layers: 1. Neolithic European Farmers (EEF) 2. Bronze Age Steppe (Yamnaya-like) 3. Early Medieval Slavic influx (particularly strong in the Pannonian Basin after the 6th–7th centuries AD)

Physical Characteristics of Srubnaya, Sintashta and Andronovo Cultures The Bronze Age steppe cultures of Srubnaya, Sintashta,
Physical Characteristics of Srubnaya, Sintashta and Andronovo Cultures
The Bronze Age steppe cultures of Srubnaya, Sintashta, and Andronovo show both similarities and variation in their physical characteristics. Their phenotypic composition, hair colors, and eye colors reflect a mixture of northern Eurasian and steppe-associated traits, with the Nordic phenotype forming the dominant element across the three cultures. Srubnaya Culture: The Srubnaya culture displays a relatively mixed phenotypic composition. The largest component is Mediterranean (31.3%), followed by Nordic (25%) and Alpinid (25%). Smaller contributions include Volgid (6.3%), Strandid (6.3%), and Indo-Nordic (6.3%), indicating a diverse but balanced phenotypic structure. In terms of eye color, Srubnaya individuals show a slight predominance of Brown eyes (61,2), while brown eyes account for 38,8% of the population. The hair color distribution is dominated by darker shades, particularly dark-brown (29.41%) and black (21.57%). However, lighter hair is also common, including blonde (19.61%) and dark-blonde (7.84%). Additional categories include brown (13.73%), light shades (5.88%), and red hair (1.96%), which occurs only rarely. Sintashta Culture: The Sintashta culture is more strongly dominated by the Nordic phenotype (48.1%), making it the most Nordic-leaning population among the three groups. Secondary elements include Mediterranean (22.2%) and Alpinid (14.8%), while smaller influences come from Nord-Iranid (7.4%), Strandid (3.7%), and Pamirid (3.7%). The hair color spectrum in Sintashta shows both dark and light shades. The largest categories are dark-brown/black (29.6%) and blonde/dark-blonde (25.9%). Other hair types include black (11.1%), dark-blonde/brown (11.1%), light hair (7.4%), blonde (3.7%), dark (3.7%), brown/dark-brown (3.7%), and red hair (3.7%). Eye color among Sintashta individuals appears to include a mixture of lighter and darker shades, reflecting the combination of Nordic and other steppe-related phenotypic influences. Andronovo Culture: The Andronovo culture also shows a strong Nordic dominance (41.7%), though slightly lower than in Sintashta. Other phenotypic elements include Alpinid (16.7%), while Uralid, Strandid, Berberid, Indo-Nordid, and Mediterranean each represent 8.3% of the sample. The eye color distribution in Andronovo is very similar to Srubnaya. Blue eyes form the majority at 55%, while brown eyes account for 45%. The hair color distribution again shows a mixture of darker and lighter shades. The most common categories are dark-brown/black (30%) and blonde/dark-blonde (25%). Other hair types include black (10%), dark-blonde/brown (7.58%), brown/dark-brown (6.3%), blonde (6.38%), dark (5%), red (7.58%), and light shades (2.58%). Combined Characteristics of the Three Cultures When Srubnaya, Sintashta, and Andronovo are considered together, the combined phenotypic composition is dominated by Nordic types (38.3%), followed by Mediterranean (20.6%) and Alpinid (18.8%). Smaller elements include Strandid (6.1%) and Indo-Nordid (4.9%), while Uralid, Berberid, Nord-Iranid, Volgid, and Pamirid occur only in minor percentages. In terms of eye color, the combined populations show a slight predominance of blue eyes, with approximately 55% blue and 45% brown, indicating a strong presence of lighter pigmentation typical of northern Eurasian populations. The hair color distribution across all three cultures shows a mixture of shades but with a tendency toward dark-brown and black hair, which form the largest portion. Nevertheless, blonde and dark-blonde hair make up a substantial secondary component, while red and very light hair appear only in small proportions. Overall, these Bronze Age steppe populations show a predominantly Nordic-leaning phenotype combined with a mixture of light and dark pigmentation traits, reflecting the complex biological diversity of the Eurasian steppe during this period.
Russian text⬇️

Комб-КапСль (Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊ-ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ) ΠœΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ€, Ѐранция ΠΎΠΊ. 7500 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΎ Π½.Π². Π“Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°: I2a1bπŸ—‘οΈ ΠžΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ Комб-Ка
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Комб-КапСль (Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊ-ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ) ΠœΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ€, Ѐранция ΠΎΠΊ. 7500 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΎ Π½.Π². Π“Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°: I2a1bπŸ—‘οΈ ΠžΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ Комб-КапСль, ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² 1909 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π²ΠΎ Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ собой Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΡƒ. Π˜Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ 30 000 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΎ нашСго Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡƒΠ³Π»Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ возраст останков составляСт ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 7500 Π»Π΅Ρ‚. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄, относящийся ΠΊ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ-собиратСлям, Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ критичСски Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… популяциях людСй Π² Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ· Комб-КапСль Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ смСрти Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ 30–40 Π»Π΅Ρ‚. Π­Ρ‚Π° ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° основана Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ скСлСта, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ износа Π·ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ срастания костСй. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° Π·Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ взрослого Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. Π‘ΠΊΠ΅Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΠ· Комб-КапСль особСнно Ρ†Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ для понимания Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²-собиратСлСй. ГСнСтичСский Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρƒ Π½ΠΈΡ…, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π±Ρ‹Π»Π° смуглая ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ оливковая ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°, свСтлыС Π³Π»Π°Π·Π° (Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹Π΅, ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅) ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΊΠΎΠ΅ тСлослоТСниС β€” Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹, Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ для послСлСдниковой срСды доисторичСской Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ гСнСтичСскиС особСнности внСсли Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄ соврСмСнных Π΅Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡ†Π΅Π². ΠŸΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π½Π° стоянкС Комб-КапСль, ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΈΡ… Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠœΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ Π² Π½Π΅Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ»Π΅ с нСсколькими ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ орудиями ΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (головная повязка ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΊ), Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎ соблюдСнии ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обряда.
The Combe-Capelle WHG. Mesolithic Perigord, France. c.7,500ybp. Haplogroup: I2a1bπŸ—‘οΈ The Combe-Capelle remains, discovered in 1909 in France, are an important Mesolithic find, initially thought to date back to around 30,000 years before present (YBP). However, more recent radiocarbon dating suggests the remains are approximately 7,500 years old. This individual, associated with Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), provides critical insight into early human populations in Europe. The man from Combe-Capelle is estimated to have been aged 30-40 at the time of his death. This age estimate is based on detailed analysis of his skeletal remains, including dental wear and the degree of bone fusion. These indicators suggest a more mature adult, rather than a young man. The Combe-Capelle skeleton is particularly valuable for understanding the genetics and lifestyle of WHGs. Genetic analysis reveals that WHGs typically had tan or olive skin, light eyes (blue, hazel, or green), and a sturdy build, traits well-adapted to the post-glacial environments of prehistoric Europe. These genetic traits contributed significantly to the gene pool of modern Europeans. Burial practices observed at the Combe-Capelle site indicate a level of ritualistic behavior. The man was buried in a shallow grave with a few stone tools and ornaments (a headband of threaded snail shells), signifying some form of burial rite.

РСконструкция Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π­Ρ†ΠΈ (Γ–tzi), Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ извСстного ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π’ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ лСдяной Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ. Π“Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°: Y-Π΄Π½ΠΊ:G-PF3146 ΠœΡ‚Π΄Π½ΠΊ:K1f Π’
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РСконструкция Π²Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π­Ρ†ΠΈ (Γ–tzi), Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ извСстного ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π’ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ лСдяной Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ. Π“Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°: Y-Π΄Π½ΠΊ:G-PF3146 ΠœΡ‚Π΄Π½ΠΊ:K1f Π’ 1991 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π² Ρ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π­Ρ†Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΈΡ… Альп Π² Австрии нашли Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΡƒΠΌΠΈΡŽ возрастом ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 5300 Π»Π΅Ρ‚. Π•Ρ‘ стали Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π­Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎ мСсту нахоТдСния) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ просто «лСдяным Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΒ». Π­Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ стал самой старой ΠΌΡƒΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅, ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ β€” Π° ΠΎΠ½ оказался ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ β€” стали Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ. Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ занимались Π­Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ, постСпСнно сообщали Π½Π°ΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ…ΠΈΠ΅ Π·ΡƒΠ±Ρ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ послСднСС, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ Π΅Π», Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΎ мясо ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π°, ΠΈ Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π½ β€” вСроятно, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ± Π² ΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Ρ€Π°ΠΊΠ΅. Π”Π΅Π»ΠΎ дошло ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ. По Π”ΠΠš Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π­Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ β€” Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· ЧСрноморско-Каспийской стСпи. Но Π΄ΠΎ сих ΠΏΠΎΡ€ ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Ρ‹ ΠΈΠ· ЧСрноморско-Каспийской стСпи появились Π² Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ Π½Π° нСсколько сотСн Π»Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΆΠ΅. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ врСмя ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ° стало ясно, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ сильно загрязнён соврСмСнной Π”ΠΠš. Π’ Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ чтСния ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π”ΠΠš Π½Π΅ позволяли достаточно Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π”ΠΠš Π­Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ примСсСй. Но Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ вскорС появились, ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡ‚ сСйчас Π² Cell Genomics Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ»Π° ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ сотрудников Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ‚Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŽΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠžΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π° Макса Планка ΠΈ ВСнского унивСрситСта, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‘Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ «лСдяного Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°Β». На 92% ΠΎΠ½ состоит ΠΈΠ· Π”ΠΠš Π²Ρ‹Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ†Π΅Π² ΠΈΠ· Анатолии, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ занимались Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ фСрмСрством ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 8000 тыс. Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡˆΠ»ΠΈ Π² Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡƒ.
Reconstruction of the appearance of Γ–tzi, also known as the Tyrolean Iceman. Haplogroup: Y-dna: G-PF3146 MtDNA: K1f In 1991, a human mummy about 5,300 years old was found in a melting glacier in the Γ–tztal Alps in Austria. It became known as Γ–tzi (after the location) or simply the "Iceman." Γ–tzi became the oldest mummy in Europe, and heβ€”for the remains were maleβ€”became the subject of intense study. Researchers working on Γ–tzi gradually reported that he had bad teeth, that his last meal was ibex meat, and that many wounds were found on his bodyβ€”suggesting he likely died in a bloody fight. Attention eventually turned to his genome, which was fully sequenced by 2012. The DNA suggested that Γ–tzi's ancestors came from the Circum-Pontic Steppe (the steppe region around the Black Sea and Caspian Sea). However, it was previously believed that peoples from the Pontic-Caspian steppe did not appear in Europe until several hundred years later. At the same time, analysis of the genome revealed significant contamination with modern DNA. The sequencing and analysis methods available at the time were not sufficiently advanced to reliably separate Γ–tzi's own DNA from contaminants. But improved methods soon became available, and now a paper published in Cell Genomics by researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and the University of Vienna presents a refined genome of the Iceman. It shows that 92% of his DNA originates from early Anatolian farmers who migrated to Europe around 8,000 years ago.

ГСнСтичСскиС исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ самыми прямыми ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ нСолитичСских якутов ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠšΠ°ΠΌΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π§ΡƒΠΊ
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ГСнСтичСскиС исслСдования ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ самыми прямыми ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ нСолитичСских якутов ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠšΠ°ΠΌΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π§ΡƒΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ. Π“Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ°:N-L708πŸ—‘οΈ Π£Ρ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹Π΅ МСдико-гСнСтичСского Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Н.П. Π‘ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° вмСстС с ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠšΠ°Π·Π°Ρ…ΡΡ‚Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈ исслСдованиС Π”ΠΠš Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½Π°, Ρ‡ΡŒΠΈ останки Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² 2004 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ сСла Π§ΡƒΡ€Π°ΠΏΡ‡Π°, Π² мСстности ΠšΠ΅Ρ€Π΄ΡŽΠ³Π΅Π½. Как Π²Ρ‹ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ родовая муТская линия ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ срСди соврСмСнных ΠΆΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Восточной России. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π² ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Π΅ Journal of Human Genetics. ΠœΡƒΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Ρ…ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ архСологичСских Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Π² Π―ΠΊΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ ΠΊ ымыяхтахской ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅, ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ с 2200 ΠΏΠΎ 1300 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π΄ΠΎ Π½. э. Π’ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ‹ вооруТСния, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°Ρ Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΈ Π»ΡƒΠΊ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ элСмСнты Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ снаряТСния, состоящиС ΠΈΠ· мноТСства Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠžΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈ, возраст ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… составлял ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 4200 Π»Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 40βˆ’50 Π»Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎ прСдполоТСниям Π°Ρ€Ρ…Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π» высоким ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ статусом ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, являлся Π·Π½Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. Анализируя ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π”ΠΠš, исслСдоватСли ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Ρ‹ Y-хромосомы ΠΌΡƒΠΆΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΈ сравнили ΠΈΡ… с Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°ΠΌΠΈ 256 прСдставитСлСй 11 народностСй Π”Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Востока России, Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ ΠΎΡ‚ сСвСрных Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ Амурского бассСйна. Π›ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ Y-хромосомы ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΊΠΈ нСолитичСских якутов Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎ всСй Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Азии. НоситСли Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° N-L708 Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ· Π—Π°Π±Π°ΠΉΠΊΠ°Π»ΡŒΡ Π² Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π’ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π•Π²Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ 7 тыс. Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄. Около 4βˆ’3 тыс. Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ соврСмСнных ΠšΡ€Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ€ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ края, Π―ΠΊΡƒΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ, Монголии ΠΈ Π§ΡƒΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ.
Genetic Studies Show That the Most Direct Descendants of Neolithic Yakuts Are the Indigenous Peoples of Kamchatka and Chukotka. Haplogroup:N-L708πŸ—‘οΈ Scientists from the Research Centre for Medical Genetics named after Academician N.P. Bochkov, in collaboration with colleagues from Kazakhstan, conducted a DNA study of an ancient warrior whose remains were found in 2004 near the village of Churapcha, in the Kerdyugen area. It turned out that his paternal male lineage continues to be found among modern residents of Northeastern Russia. The results of the scientific work were published in the Journal of Human Genetics. The male burial, discovered during archaeological excavations in Yakutia, belonged to the Ymyyakhtakh culture, which existed in Siberia from approximately 2200 to 1300 BC. The grave contained weapons, including a shield and a bow, as well as elements of protective gear consisting of many parts. The remains, approximately 4,200 years old, belonged to a man aged 40–50 who, according to archaeologists, held a high social status and may have been a noble warrior. Analyzing the extracted DNA, the researchers studied samples of the man's Y-chromosome and compared them with similar samples from 256 representatives of 11 ethnic groups from the Russian Far East, inhabiting territories from the northern regions to the Amur Basin. Literature data on Y-chromosome polymorphism indicate that the descendants of Neolithic Yakuts spread across all of North Asia. Carriers of the ancient N-L708 haplotype began migrating from Transbaikalia to Northeastern Eurasia approximately 7,000 years ago. Around 4,000–3,000 years ago, they arrived in the territories of modern-day Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Mongolia, and Chukotka.
https://science.mail.ru/news/44421-potomki-voina-kerdyugena/

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РСконструкция мСзолитичСского Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Кавказа (Π‘Π°Ρ‚Π°Π½Π°ΠΉ) ΠΎΡ‚ Ancestral Whispers. Π§Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏ датируСтся ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ. По антропологичСским ΠΈ гСнСтичСским Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ, этот ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄, вСроятно, Π±Ρ‹Π» связан с популяциями восточных ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²-собиратСлСй Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π’ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡƒ послС Π»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π˜Π½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€ΠΎ-Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Кавказ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΏΠΎ всСй видимости, Π±Ρ‹Π» Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ EHG ΠΈ CHG,Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ отраТаСтся ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡ€Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. РСконструкция наглядно ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒ люди, насСлявшиС этот Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ тысячи Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π½Π°Π·Π°Π΄.
Reconstruction of the Mesolithic man from the North-West Caucasus (Satanai) from Ancestral Whispers. The skull dates back to the Mesolithic. According to anthropological and genetic data, this individual was probably associated with populations of eastern hunter-gatherers who occupied Eastern Europe after the ice age. Interestingly, the North-West Caucasus in the Mesolithic was apparently a contact zone between EHG and CHG, which Is reflected in both genetics and morphology. The reconstruction clearly shows what the people who inhabited this region thousands of years ago could look like.

ΠœΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ линия U2e1h1a5 Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡƒΡˆΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Ρ‘ стСпныС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΠΈ По Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π±Π°Π·Ρ‹ YFull MTree, Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡƒΡˆΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±
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ΠœΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ линия U2e1h1a5 Ρƒ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡƒΡˆΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Ρ‘ стСпныС ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΠΈ
По Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π±Π°Π·Ρ‹ YFull MTree, Ρƒ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡƒΡˆΡΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ…ΠΎΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ линия: U2e1h1a5πŸ—‘οΈ Π­Ρ‚Π° Π²Π΅Ρ‚Π²ΡŒ относится ΠΊ Π³Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΠ΅ U2e, которая ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎ распространСна Π² стСпной Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π•Π²Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ фиксируСтся Π² Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… популяциях Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π’ частности, Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ U2e ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ‹ Π² архСогСнСтичСских ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ†Π°Ρ… ΠΈΠ· Андроновской,Π‘Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π‘ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΡˆΡ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ сущСствовали Π² стСпях Π•Π²Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ 2000-1500 Π³Π³. Π΄ΠΎ Π½.э. ΠΈ часто ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ со стСпными индоСвропСйскими популяциями Π±Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π­Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ связи стСпного насСлСния Восточной Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹ ΠΈ Π¦Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Азии.
Mitochondrial lineage U2e1h1a5 in the Ingush and its steppe parallels According to the YFull MTree database, a mitochondrial line was discovered in one of the Ingush samples: U2e1h1a5πŸ—‘οΈ This branch belongs to the U2e haplogroup, which is widespread in the steppe zone of Eurasia and is recorded in ancient populations of the Bronze Age. In particular, U2e lineages were found in archaeogenetic samples from the Andronovo, Srubnaya and Sintashta cultures These cultures existed in the steppes of Eurasia approximately 2000-1500. BC and are often associated with Bronze Age steppe Indo-European populations. This may reflect ancient connections between the steppe populations of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

πŸ—‘οΈY-хромосома β€” ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ†Π°; ΠΌΡ‚Π”ΠΠš β€” ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΡ‹; Аутосомы β€” ΠΎΡ‚ всСх Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ². πŸ—‘οΈY-DNA β†’ straight from dad (paternal path only
πŸ—‘οΈY-хромосома β€” ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ†Π°; ΠΌΡ‚Π”ΠΠš β€” ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΡ‹; Аутосомы β€” ΠΎΡ‚ всСх Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ².
πŸ—‘οΈY-DNA β†’ straight from dad (paternal path only) mtDNA β†’ straight from mom (maternal path only) Autosomes β†’ from literally all your ancestors (the full genetic remix!)