internal medicine

🧑‍⚕A. The causes are as follows: ✓ Venous return increases while lying down. ✓ Mobilization of edema fluid from extravascular to intravascular compartment in supine position. ✓ Low adrenergic drive at sleep. ✓ Heart rate increases during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. ✓ Vital capacity is reduced in supine position. ✓ Left atrial pressure is elevated and PaOO is reduced during sleep. ✓ Abdominal contents are also pushed up giving pressure on diaphragm.

👨‍⚕Q. What are the causes of PND?

A. Paroxysmal breathlessness usually at night, which awakens the patient from sleep with a feeling of suffocation and choking sensation. The patient sits, stands up or open the windows for fresh air. It is due to pulmonary edema, and indicates early LVF or left atrial failure.

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🧑‍⚕ many excellent Answer thanks for anyone react " Best answered by SRK , islam , Jabra , Fatima , 👉Answer is . Rupture of pulmonary or bronchial veins associated with pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary apoplexy). Also hemoptysis may be due to pulmonary infarction. Also Noor Mohamed ask question is pulmonary apoplexy special for Mitral stenosis , or any pulmonary HTN ?

🧑‍⚕ many excellent Answer thanks for anyone react " Best answered by SRK , islam , Jabra , Fatima , . Rupture of pulmonary or bronchial veins associated with pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary apoplexy). Also hemoptysis may be due to pulmonary infarction. Also Noor Mohamed ask question is pulmonary apoplexy special for Mitral stenosis , or any pulmonary HTN ?

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👨‍⚕ Q. What is the cause of hemoptysis in Mitral Stenosis ?