Ambo university college of medical and health science

tilahun reference

Burn is a term used to describe the injury caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation. Burns can be classified into three phases: the acute phase, the intermediate phase, and the rehabilitative phase. The acute phase is the initial stage of a burn injury and lasts for the first 72 hours. During this phase, the priority is to stabilize the patient's condition and prevent further damage. The patient may experience shock, pain, swelling, and fluid loss during this phase. Treatment includes wound cleaning, pain management, and fluid replacement therapy. The intermediate phase begins after the first 72 hours and lasts until the wound is healed. During this phase, the focus is on wound care and preventing infection. The wound is cleaned regularly, and dressings are changed to promote healing. The patient may also undergo physical therapy to maintain range of motion and prevent scarring. The rehabilitative phase begins once the wound has healed. The focus is on restoring function and improving quality of life. This may include scar management, cosmetic procedures, and psychological support. It is important to note that the severity of a burn injury can vary widely, and treatment will depend on the extent and depth of the burn. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Burn injuries can have long-term physical and emotional effects, so ongoing support and care may be needed even after the wound has healed.

⭕️Endoplasmic Reticulum⭕️ (1) Definition: It is well developed electron microscopic network of interconnected cisternae, tubules and vesicles present throughout the cytoplasm, especially in the endoplasm. (2) Discovery: Garnier (1897) was first to observe the ergastoplasm in a cell. The ER was first noted by Porter, Claude, and Fullman in 1945 as a network. It was named by Porter in 1953. Golgi Complex (1) Definition: Golgi complex is made up of various membranous system e.g. cisternae, vesicles and vacuoles. (2) These are also called golgi bodies, golgisomes, lipochondrion, dictyosomes, Dalton complex, idiosomes or Baker’s body. (3) These are also called “traffic police” of the cell. (4) Discovery: First observed by George (1867) but it’s morphological details were given by Camillo Golgi (1898), in nerve cells of barn fowl and cat .

✅ HORMONES PRODUCED BY OTHER ORGANS & TISSUES THAT CONTAIN ENDOCRINE CELLS & THEIR PRINCIPAL ACTIONS ✅ 🎬GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 🔵 Gastrin Promotes secretion of gastric juice; increases movements of the stomach. 🔵 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) Stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. 🔵 Secretin Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile. 🔵 Cholecystokinin (CCK) Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice; regulates release of bile from gall bladder; causes feeling of fullness after eating. 🎬 PLACENTA 🔵 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Stimulates corpus luteum in ovary to continue production of oestrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy. 🔵 Oestrogens and progesterone Maintain pregnancy; help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk. 🔵 Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) Stimulates development of mammary glands for lactation. 🎬 KIDNEYS 🔵 Renin Part of reaction sequence that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone. 🔵 Erythropoietin (EPO) Increases rate of red blood cell formation. 🔵 Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D) Aids in absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus. 🎬 HEART 🔵 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Decreases blood pressure. 🎬 ADIPOSE TISSUE 🔵 Leptin Suppresses appetite; may increase FSH and LH activity.

Bacteriology is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body. They are incredibly diverse and can have both beneficial and harmful effects on living organisms. The field of bacteriology encompasses several areas of study, including the classification and identification of bacteria, their growth and reproduction, their interactions with other organisms, and their role in causing diseases. Bacteriologists use various techniques and tools to study bacteria, such as microscopy, culturing methods, and genetic analysis. One of the key areas of interest in bacteriology is the role of bacteria in causing infectious diseases. Bacteria can invade the human body and cause a wide range of illnesses, from minor infections to life-threatening conditions. Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria cause diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventive measures. Bacteriology also plays a significant role in other fields, such as agriculture, food safety, and environmental science. Bacteria can have both positive and negative impacts on these areas, such as their role in nitrogen fixation in plants or their ability to spoil food. Bacteriologists study these interactions to improve agricultural practices, develop safer food processing methods, and protect the environment. Advances in bacteriology have led to significant breakthroughs in medicine and public health. The discovery of antibiotics has revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, saving countless lives. Bacteriologists also contribute to the development of vaccines, diagnostics, and antimicrobial strategies to combat bacterial diseases. In conclusion, bacteriology is a fascinating field that explores the diverse world of bacteria and their impact on living organisms. By studying bacteria, bacteriologists contribute to our understanding of infectious diseases, agriculture, food safety, and environmental health. Their research is essential for improving human health and well-being.

Virology is a branch of microbiology that focuses on the study of viruses. Viruses are microscopic infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of living organisms. They are much smaller than bacteria and can cause a wide range of diseases in humans, animals, and plants. The field of virology encompasses several areas of study, including the classification and identification of viruses, their structure and replication mechanisms, their interactions with host cells, and their role in causing diseases. Virologists use various techniques and tools to study viruses, such as electron microscopy, molecular biology techniques, and cell culture systems. One of the key areas of interest in virology is the understanding of viral pathogenesis. Viruses can enter host cells, hijack their machinery, and replicate, leading to the destruction of the infected cells and the spread of the virus throughout the body. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which viruses cause diseases is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. Virology also plays a significant role in public health and epidemiology. Virologists study the transmission dynamics of viruses, their ability to evolve and develop drug resistance, and the factors that contribute to outbreaks and epidemics. This knowledge is essential for designing effective control measures and preventing the spread of viral infections. Furthermore, virology has important applications in biotechnology and gene therapy. Viruses can be engineered to deliver therapeutic genes to target cells, offering potential treatments for genetic disorders and certain types of cancer. Virologists also study the use of viruses as tools for gene editing and the development of viral vectors for vaccine production. Advances in virology have led to significant breakthroughs in medicine and public health. The development of vaccines against viral diseases, such as polio, measles, and influenza, has saved millions of lives. Antiviral drugs have been developed to treat infections caused by specific viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis C. Virologists continue to work on new antiviral strategies and the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents. In conclusion, virology is a fascinating field that explores the world of viruses and their impact on living organisms. By studying viruses, virologists contribute to our understanding of viral diseases, public health, and the development of new treatments and preventive measures. Their research is essential for protecting human and animal health.

Skin is the largest organ in the human body and plays a vital role in protecting us from external threats. It acts as a barrier, shielding our internal organs from harmful substances, UV radiation, and pathogens. Moreover, skin also helps in regulating body temperature, maintaining hydration, and providing sensory information. The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and primarily functions as a protective shield. It consists of several layers of cells, including keratinocytes, which produce a tough protein called keratin that gives the skin its strength and flexibility. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color and protection against UV radiation. Beneath the epidermis lies the dermis, which is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings. The dermis provides structural support to the skin and houses various components that contribute to its overall health and function. Collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis give the skin its elasticity and firmness. The hypodermis, also known as the subcutaneous tissue, is the deepest layer of the skin. It consists of fat cells that act as insulation, providing cushioning and energy storage. The hypodermis also helps in regulating body temperature by insulating against heat loss. Skin health is influenced by various factors such as genetics, age, diet, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors. Proper skincare practices are essential to maintain healthy skin. This includes cleansing to remove dirt and impurities, moisturizing to prevent dryness and maintain hydration, and protecting the skin from sun damage through the use of sunscreen. Skin conditions can range from minor issues like acne and dryness to more severe conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and skin cancer. These conditions can cause discomfort, pain, and affect a person's self-esteem. Seeking medical advice from a dermatologist is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment. It is important to note that skin health reflects overall well-being. Poor nutrition, lack of sleep, stress, and exposure to pollutants can negatively impact the skin. Therefore, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and adequate sleep, is essential for optimal skin health. In conclusion, the skin is a remarkable organ that serves as our body's first line of defense. It not only protects us from external threats but also plays a significant role in our appearance and overall well-being. Taking care of our skin through proper skincare practices and a healthy lifestyle is crucial for maintaining its health and vitality. The skin is of utmost importance for several reasons: 1. Protection: The skin acts as a protective barrier, shielding our internal organs from harmful substances, UV radiation, and pathogens. It prevents the entry of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms into our body. 2. Regulation of body temperature: The skin helps regulate body temperature by sweating and dilating or constricting blood vessels. It allows heat to escape from the body when it's hot and conserves heat when it's cold. 3. Sensory perception: The skin contains nerve endings that allow us to feel sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. It provides us with information about our environment and helps us respond appropriately. 4. Hydration: The skin helps maintain hydration by preventing excessive water loss through evaporation. It acts as a barrier to retain moisture and prevent dryness. 5. Appearance: The skin plays a significant role in our appearance. Clear, healthy skin contributes to our self-esteem and confidence. 6. Vitamin D synthesis: The skin produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, bone health, and overall immune function.

Neurophysiology - Neurophysiology is the study of the functioning and activities of the nervous system. - It focuses on understanding how nerve cells (neurons) communicate with each other and how the brain and spinal cord process and transmit information. - The nervous system is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals, while glial cells provide support and protection to neurons. - Neurons communicate through electrical impulses called action potentials. These impulses travel along the neuron's axon, which is covered by a myelin sheath that speeds up the transmission. - Synapses are the junctions between neurons where chemical signals, known as neurotransmitters, are released to transmit information from one neuron to another. - Neurotransmitters can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on the receiving neuron, influencing whether it will generate an action potential or not. - The brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system, while the nerves that extend throughout the body make up the peripheral nervous system. - The central nervous system controls and coordinates all bodily functions, while the peripheral nervous system carries information to and from the central nervous system. - Different regions of the brain are responsible for specific functions. For example, the frontal lobe is involved in decision-making and problem-solving, while the occipital lobe processes visual information. - Neurophysiology also explores the mechanisms underlying various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. - Techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and single-unit recording are used to study brain activity and understand neurophysiological processes. - Understanding neurophysiology is crucial for advancing knowledge in fields like neuroscience, psychology, and medicine. It helps researchers and healthcare professionals develop treatments for neurological disorders and improve overall brain health.

Ophthalmology is a medical specialty that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders related to the eyes. It involves the study of the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyes and their surrounding structures. Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialize in ophthalmology. They are trained to provide comprehensive eye care, including conducting eye examinations, diagnosing and managing eye diseases, prescribing medications, performing surgeries, and providing vision correction treatments. The field of ophthalmology covers a wide range of conditions, including refractive errors (such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism), cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal diseases, eye infections, and many others. Ophthalmologists also play a crucial role in detecting and managing systemic diseases that can affect the eyes, such as diabetes and hypertension. Ophthalmology utilizes various diagnostic techniques and tools to evaluate the health of the eyes, such as visual acuity tests, tonometry to measure eye pressure, slit-lamp examination to examine the anterior segment of the eye, fundoscopy to examine the retina and optic nerve, and various imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ultrasound. Treatment options in ophthalmology can vary depending on the specific condition. They may include prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses, medications (eye drops or oral medications), laser therapy, minimally invasive procedures, or surgical interventions. Ophthalmologists may collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as optometrists or opticians, to provide comprehensive eye care. Regular eye examinations are essential for maintaining good eye health and detecting any potential problems early on. Ophthalmologists play a critical role in preserving and improving vision, ensuring optimal eye health, and enhancing the overall quality of life for their patients.