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*GOVERNMENT* (10) (PICK ANY FIVE) (i)Emir/Sarkin: The Emir or Sarkin, as the highest-ranking executive officer, had several duties. They maintained law and order, ensured the administration of justice, and protected the interests of the community. (ii)District Heads/Wakilin Sarki: District heads, known as Wakilin Sarki, were responsible for the effective governance of their respective districts. They implemented the policies and regulations set by the Emir, collected taxes, maintained security, and oversaw local government administration. (iii)Court Officials: Court officials played significant roles in the administration of justice. The Wazirin, Galadiman, and Madaki were executive officers who advised the Emir, presided over court proceedings, and ensured the fair and equitable resolution of disputes. (iv)Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace. (v)Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace. (vi)Advisers and Counselors: Executive officers in the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration included advisers and counselors who provided expertise and guidance to the Emir. These individuals had specialized knowledge in areas such as religion, law, diplomacy, and administration. (vii)Village/Local Chiefs: Village or local chiefs, known as Hakimi, acted as executive officers at the grassroots level. They oversaw the governance of their respective villages or communities.

*GOVERNMENT* (8) (PICK ANY SIX) (i)Historical Ties: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations can be justified based on historical ties. The Commonwealth provides a platform for maintaining connections and cooperation with other countries that were also once part of the British Empire. (ii)Shared Values: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth is based on shared values such as democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and good governance. The Commonwealth serves as a forum where member countries can collaborate on upholding and promoting these values. (iii)Economic Cooperation: Nigeria benefits from economic cooperation within the Commonwealth. Membership provides opportunities for trade, investment, and economic partnerships with other member countries. (iv)Development Assistance: Nigeria can access development assistance and support from the Commonwealth and its member countries. This assistance can be in the form of financial aid, technical expertise, and capacity-building programs . (v)Cultural Exchange: The Commonwealth offers a platform for cultural exchange and cooperation among member countries. Nigeria's membership allows for the sharing of cultural experiences, traditions, and knowledge with other nations (vi)Diplomatic Relations: Membership in the Commonwealth enhances Nigeria's diplomatic relations and global standing. It provides opportunities for engagement in multilateral diplomacy, participation in Commonwealth summits, and networking (vii)Collaboration on Global Issues: Nigeria can collaborate with other Commonwealth members on global issues such as climate change, security, peacekeeping, and health. The Commonwealth can serve as a platform for joint efforts, sharing best practices, and addressing common challenges. (viii)Youth Empowerment and Education: The Commonwealth offers programs and initiatives focused on youth empowerment, education, and leadership development. Nigeria's membership provides opportunities for Nigerian youth to engage in exchange programs, educational scholarships etc

(iv)Professional Training: The provision of professional training for civil servants to enhance their skills and knowledge in their areas of expertise, and provide guidelines on ethics and values. (v)Performance Evaluation: The development of a performance evaluation system that judges performance based on results achieved rather than political loyalty. (vi)Protection of Civil Servants: Measures to protect civil servants from arbitrary dismissal or victimization based on political affiliation and to preserve their neutrality in political affairs. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• QUESTIONS SECTION A (1a) Define a state (1b) Explain five attributes of a state (2) Explain six factors that can determine the electoral success of a political party (3) Give and explain six techniques employed by pressure groups to achieve their goals (4) Suggest six measures that can be put in place to make civil service non-partisan SECTION B (5) Elucidate six characters of military rule (6) Evaluate six consequences of the action group crisis of 1962 (7) State and discuss six factors that influence Nigerian foreign policy (8) In six ways, justify the existence of Nigeria as a member of the common wealth of nation (9a) Define federation (9bi) Advance five importance of state creation in a federation (10) Mention and explain six duties performed by the executive officers of hausa/fulani pre-colonial administration.

GOVERNMENT ESSAY-Answers (1a) A state can be defined as a political organization of people living within defined geographical boundaries, with a centralized government having the power to make and enforce laws that apply to all people living within its jurisdiction. (1b) (i)Sovereignty: This refers to the state's supreme power and the right to govern its people without any external interference. It means that the state has the authority to make laws, impose taxes, control resources and defend its territory. (ii)Territory: A state has a clearly defined and recognized geographical boundary, which demarcates it from neighboring states. This territory is the space over which the state exercises its sovereignty and also includes land, air and water resources. (iii)Population: A state is made up of people who are citizens or subjects of that state. The size, composition, and distribution of the population are crucial factors in defining the nature of a state. (iv)Government: A state has a centralized government that exercises control over its population and territory through the use of legitimate force. The government has various organs like the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and is responsible for ensuring the welfare and security of its citizens. (v)Recognition: A state is recognized by other states, which means that it has established diplomatic relations with them. Recognition also means that the state has a degree of legitimacy in the international system as a political entity. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (2) (i)Ideology: Political parties with clear and appealing ideologies tend to attract and retain more supporters. (ii)Leadership: The quality and popularity of a party's leadership play a significant role in determining its electoral success. (iii)Financial Resources: Adequate financial resources, improved fundraising strategies, and financial accountability help political parties to compete effectively in elections. (iv)Media: The effective use of media and advertising campaigns can help to shape public opinion and influence voting patterns. (v)Voter Turnout: The number of registered voters who actually turn up on Election Day can impact the outcome of elections, especially in close contests. VICoalition Building: The ability to build alliances with other political groups can help a political party to expand its base of support and win elections. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (3) (i)Lobbying: The use of direct or indirect communication with policymakers to influence policy decisions or legislation. (iii)Public Demonstrations: Pressure groups often organize protests, rallies, and public demonstrations to raise public awareness about their agenda and build support. (iii)Litigation: Pressure groups pursue legal action to challenge government policies or regulations that conflict with their interests. (iv)Boycotts: Pressure groups may organize boycotts of products or businesses that do not support their interests or values. (v)Grassroots Mobilization: Pressure groups may engage in grassroots mobilization to build a coalition of supporters and allies who work together to achieve common goals. (vii)Media Campaigns: Pressure groups may use media campaigns to raise awareness about their objectives and mobilize a larger audience in support of their cause. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (4) (i)Merit-Based Appointments: It is essential to have a transparent and merit-based appointment process that is focused on the qualifications and experience of candidates rather than their political affiliations. (ii)Civil Service Codes of Conduct: The establishment of codes of conduct that require civil servants to act impartially and professionally, irrespective of political affiliations. (iii)Civil Service Commissions: The introduction of independent civil service commissions that oversee appointments, promotions, transfers, and dismissals of civil servants.

GOVERNMENT-Obj 01-10: ECAABDCAAA 11-20: BCEABBEEAD 21-30: BCCCCCCDDA 31-40: EECEBBCEEA 41-50: DEAEEDEABA 51-60: BEAEACCCED Solved by Examkey.net COMPLETED!!!

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