Surgical notes

الدراسة الثانية الوصفية وتسبق التحليلية It is systematic collection and presentation of data to give clear picture of situation تنقسم لقسمين Case study : يعني نتعرف على معلومات خاصة بجهة سواء كانوا امراض او مؤسسات او خدمات ...الخ .تعرف انها small scale على نطاق ضيق Common in social science and first step to clinical picture لكن لو كانت large scale بتتحول الى cross- section غالبا لو تضمن كل السكان بيتحول اسمه من cross section surveys to....census وبيكون خاص بفترة زمنية معينة الي هي ليلة الاسناد الزمني زي ما درسنا بالديموغرافي وهوغالبا زي ماشرحت الدكتورة بندسه بعدة فترات ماضيه وحاضرة ومستقبل يعني دراسة مقطعية لازمان مختلفة في حالة كان عددالعينة قليل بيكون معقد لانه مابيعطنا صورة كاملة عن الحالات فربما كان انتشار الحالة نادر ونربطها بقاعدة ....انه انتشار المرض يتناسب عكسيا مع حجم العينة فلما يكن عندي مرض يظهر بصورة نادرة المفروض اني اكبر العينة عشان احصل على كم حالة اقدر ادرس عامل الخطورة واحدد السبب واحل المشكلة ..صح ؟😅

🔴🔴معلومات بسيطة تحوي اهم ما تم ذكره بالمحاضرة الثانيه للدكتورة امة اللطيف : دراسة منهجية البحث الهدف منه هو التعرف على نوع الدراسة المختارة ...الفئة المستهدفة ومنه حجم العينة فيه مصطلحات مطلوب انه نفهمها قبل الشرح Retrospective يعني انه نروح للارشيف وندرس التقارير السابقه والدراسات للموضوع الي نبحث عنه اكيد الهدف المقارنة Antrospective انه ندرس عن شئ مستقبلي ونتابعه بشكل مستمر وبنمر بدراسات كثيرة تمشي على هذا الاتجاه مثل cohort مثلا الان نقسم الدراسات لنوعين 1-interventional Include experimental studies 2-non-interventional Means observational A-descriptive B-analytic حسب تقسيم الدكتورة بالمحاضرة لكن في ملزمتها ومصادر اخرى قسموها انه اللا وصفيه تنقسم لاستطلاعيه ....وصفيه ..ثم تحليلية والترتيب مهم لانه الاولى بيتم فيها اخذ معلومات اولية والثانية نوصف المعلومات الي حصلنا عليها والاخيرة تفصيل وتحليل المعطيات وربطها بالنتائج واستنتاج عامل خطورة من اجل حل المشكلة للتوضيح اكثر 1-non- interventional or observational هنا لا يتم التدخل نهائيا 1-exploratory تعني انه دراسة لموضوع معلوماته قليله بالاصح حاله جديدة يعني انه نظرة اولية للموضوع وتتميز انه short duration ونبدا به قبل كل الدراسات واحيانا قد نستخدم طابع المقارنة فيها من ضمنها مايسمى triangulation يعني ندرس الحالة من عدة زوايا على سبيل المثال نبحث عن تدني مستوى التعليم واسبابه نسال فيه المعلمين ونسال الطلاب فنحصل على معلومات من different independent sourced فنسميه cross-checked

هنا تلخيص محاضرة الدكتورة امة اللطيف الثانية ❤️ شكرا انوار

the longest tape worm is the diphyllobotherium latum the largest tape worm is the Taenia saginata the smallest tape worm is the Echinoccocus granulosus #تجميعات_سيستودا #طفيليات

⌚️39_محذوف ⌚️40_ C intestinal stage of hook worms manifested by 1_ pica 👉means haptiual ingestion of non food substances as soil physical and mental retardation gastrointestinal manifestations hypoproteinemia anemia (hypochromic hypocytic ) ⌚️41_ A مكرر ⌚️42_محذوف ⌚️43_(c) ⌚️44_D 45_c مكرر 46_ b مكرر 47_ a مكرر 48_c 49_a مكرر 50_c #طفيليات

🌚 Rectal Prolapse:- ( D) With Trichuris trichiura 🌚 pathogenic Activity of Entamoeba histolytica Except :- B 👉🏻 Dependence on resistance of the host 👉🏻 Condition of the Intestinal tract 👉🏻 The virulance and invasevness 👉🏻 facilitated by CHO diet , phsical and Chemical injury 🌚 Loeffler Syndrome : B ( مكرر ) >> Inflammatory/ allergic reaction due to Larva not Adult 🌚 no anemia with Pargaonimus 👉🏻 Schistosoma , Trichuris , hook worm ( microcytic hypochromic ) 👉🏻 D. Latum ( Macroctic Hyperchromic ) 👉🏻 Malaria ( Heamolytic ) 👉🏻 Leishmania Denovani ( Hypoplastic ) 🌚 the Determined factor Answer is " C " 👉🏻 bacteria flora 👉🏻 physiological status 👉🏻 Acidity Lowered to PH ( 5-7) ✔️ Normal PH ( 3.8- 4.4) ✖️ 🌚 ( b) Routine Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis is Serology 🌚 none of Above 🌚مش علينا 🌚 مش علينا 🌚 37 ( B ) مكرر 🌚38 ( C) Anclyostoma duodenale leads to microcytic hypochromic anemia due to Blood Lose >>> Iron deficiency #طفيليات

🕹14_ (D) congenital and acute toxoplasmosis must be treated chronic toxoplasmosis requires no treatment 1_ combination of pyrimethamine (daraprim) and trisulfapyrimidines 2_ spiramycin mode of infection by toxablas diagnosis of toxoplasmosis labratoray 1_frenkel test (toxoplasmin I. D test ) 2_ Sabin_ fedlman's test X Ray for reveals cerebral calcification 🕹15_(A) مكرر 🕹16_( B) 🕹17_(A) common with S. japonicum less common with S. mansoni rarely with S. haematopium 🕹18_ (A) diecioues means has two separate sexes monoecious means has non separate sexes 🕹19_ (B) adult worm of Enterobius vermicularis usually detected in stool but not the eggs 🕹20_ (c) 🕹21_ (B) مكرر 🕹22_ (D) all the following worms has migratory phase in lung 1_strongyloides stercoralis👉 dwarf thread worm 2_ancylostoma dudenalae 👉 hook worm 3_ ascaris lumbricoids👉gaint cylindrical worm 4_ necator Americans worm exept Enterobius vermicularis 👉seat worm 🕹23_ (B) مكرر larviparous ❎ ooviposuts ✅ 🕹24_ (A) مكرر 🕹25_ (c) 🕹26_(C)مكرر #طفيليات

1) A مكرر 2) b 🌚In mosquito ... there is the sexuall stage ( Difinitive Host)and called Sporogony .. only In the man : Gametogony , Pre- / Erythrocytic Shizogony ( Asexuall) 3) B 🌚Infective stage of Leishmania is Promastigoite ... then engulfed by Macrophage and Turn to amastigoite which attributed in Leishmanioma 4) A 🌚Radical treatment Primaquine ( 8- Amino-quinoline 5) a 🌚Giardia Lamblia is associated with Diarrhea not Dysentery 6) Blood smear 🌚Intestinal amoebiasis has no esionphilla nor Blood manifestations 🌚Diagnosis:- Direct antigen ( Coproantigens ) 🌚Extra - Intestinal amoebiasis may be diagnosed through Blood Smear 7) c ( مكرر) 8) b ^^^^ 9) d ( مكرر ) 10) b ( مكرر) 11) a ( مكرر) 12) b ( مكرر) 13) c ( مكرر) #طفيليات

🚗26 _ (C) diagnosis of oxuriasis or enrobiasis by 1_ adult worm in stool 2_ NIH swap 3_ scotch adhesive swap diagnosis of ancylostomiasis by 1_ concentration method or Kato smear (for eggs ) 2_ anemia 3_ clinical diagnosis of strongyloides by 1_ rhabditiform larva in stools 2_ esinophilia 3_ larva in sputum 4_ Elisa and ifat diagnosis of ascaris 1_ clinical cough and dyspnea 2_ esinophilia 3_ X Ray 4_ eggs in stool or larva in sputum 🚗27_ (D) rectal prolapse is a complication of Trichuriasis as a result of oedema of the rectum produced by the number of Trichuris trichuria worms embedded in the Rea 🚗28(B) مكررر 🚗29_(B) loefler's syndrome is local inflammatory reaction around the larva of the ascaris and also of Ancylstoma dudenalae in the lung manifested by dry cough ,long grade fever , dyspnea , esinophilia also the sputum contain Charcot leyden crystals 🚗30_(A) paragonimus westermani is lung fluck is not associated with anemia 🚗31_ (محذوف ) 🚗32_(محذوف ) 🚗33_(B) مكرر 🚗34_(D) الله يعينكم على االادوية، 🤯وجرعاتها 🚗35_محذوف 🚗36_محذوف 🚗37_(B) peruritis Ani is caused by Enterobius vermicularis ( oxyuria ) adult female during it's protrude through the anal canal to put it's eggs in anal and Peri anal region mostly in children and especially at night #طفيليات

14 ) A 15) B ( for Toxocara canis which visceral Larva migrans) Diagnosis:- 1) Serology : ELISA and RAST " Radio -allergo-sorbant Test for detection IgE 2) marked Eosioophillia, hyper gamma globulinmeia 3) laproscopy and Biobsy from liver 16) B (انواع السيركاريا في منشور سابق ^^) 17) D 👈🏻❗️Katayama fever is immunological reaction aganist heavy infection with Schistosomas and greet number of eggs ( Febrile reaction with Hyper- Eosioophillia) It is the commenest infection with S. japonicum . Less common with mansoni and heamatobium 18) ( C) Like other trematoda. .. the Infective stage is Encysted metacercaria 19) ( A) Brcause Adult Stage of Echinococcus granulosa is not found in Human at all ( only larva = Hydatid cyst) 20) B H.nana is the Dwarf Tapewarm 21) B Nocturnal Enuresis with Enterobius vermicularis >> At night migration of Female worm to anus and Put the egg in the peri-anal skin ... on its way it causes irritation of urethra and Enuresis . 22) c Trichuris trichiura has no migration phase 23) C 👉🏻Adult female of Strongyloides stercoralis Oviposits " not Larviperious " 👉🏻 facaltative Parasite can live either free or parasitic 👉🏻 can change to adult in the lung 24) A Strongyloides stercoralis we can only find larva in stool 25) D Each of T.solium , H.nana , Enterobius vermicularis can cause Autoinfection #طفيليات

🦉1_ answer a about Ancylstoma dudenalae : 🐥 the infective stage is filariform larva 🐥the diagnostic stage is immature eggs 🐥eggs number are 20,000 eggs /female /day 🐥mode of infection is penetration through the skin 🐥they are positive thermotropism ,hydrotropism, histotropism but negative geotropism 🐥about moults first twice in soil then the third time in lung the the fourth time in small intestine 🦉2_answer محذوف 🦉3_ (A) cysticercus larvae of Taenia solium found in subcutaneous tissues , brain , heart , eye of human cysticercus larva of Taenia saginata found in tounge , heart , active striated muscles of beef cysticercoid larva of hymenolepis Nana found in villio of small intestine of man unilocular larva of Echinoccocus granulosus found in liver 70 % lung 24% kidney then bone then brain of man coenurus cerebralis larva of multiceps multiceps found in brain and spinal cord of herbivore animals rarely in man sparagnum larva of D. mansoni and D. proliferum is found in subcutaneous tissues, muscle and eye 🦉4_ (B) the presence of eggs in tissues stimulate ba tissue reaction producing format of local tubercles or granulomatous lesions leading to stricture , chronic ulcers, polyp , Sandy patches 🦉5_ (B) ⛑acute stage of S. mansoni ( intestinal bilharziasis ) fistula abdominal pain dysentery ⛑acute stag of S.hematopium (urinary bilharziasis ) terminal haematouria ( endemic haematouria). frequency of micturation dysuria 🦉6_ (D) 🦉7_(C) trophozoites are seen in liquid stool but cyst in formed stool trophozoites are non infective cysts are infective acute amoebiasis associated with liquid stool and trophozoites so non infective chronic amoebiasis and carrier associated with formed stool and cysts so infective 🦉8_ (A) 🦉9_ (B) مكرر 🦉10_ (B) if IgG is negative no infection if IgG is positive the following are diagnosed 1_ infection over 2 years ago if IgM is negative 2_ past or new or false positive infection if IgM is positive 3_infection within past 3_6 months if IgM is high positive 🦉11_ congenital toxoplasmosis is characterized by 1_ abortion or still birth 2_ CNS manifestations 3'_ eye manifestations acute acquired toxoplasmosis is characterized by 1_ lymphatic manifestations 2_ cerebrospinal manifestations 3_ exanthematous manifestations as rash and typhus chronic aquired manifestations no symptoms exept in AIDS patient 🦉 12 (C) leishmania associated with increase globulin and decreased albumin 13_ (A) #_طفيليات

22 ) (C ) ( liver 70% - Lung24% ) 23) ( c) D .latum Due to competition of parasite with host for Vitamin B12 24) A Ova >> Cysticercosis Larva> Teniaeasis 25) ( D) Larva of :- 👉🏻Multicipes multicipes >> Coenurosis 👉🏻E.granulosa >> Hydatid cyst 👉🏻D. mansoni >> sparganosis 👉🏻 T. Solium >> Cysticercosis 26) ( c) Falciparum is associated with Recrudescence not relapse 27) ( D) The fate of the hydatid cyst is all mentioned .. But: Shrikage and Calcification 28) ( B) 29) ( B) Multiocular Hydatid cyst: 👉🏻 Proliferate in any Direction like cancer and metastasis not costant Direction 👉🏻 Grow from peripheral to central 👉🏻 Degenerate from centre 👉🏻 inside the human it has no protoscolex due to immunity 👉🏻 spongy mass surrounding by fibrous tissue strands 30) ( a) 👉🏻Lymnea cailliandi ( Fasciola gigentica) 👉🏻 lymnea Truncaulata ( Fasciola hepatica) 👉🏻 Pirenella Conica ( Hytrophyes Hytrophyes) #طفيليات