Surgical notes

#Endocrine 💊Octerotide:somatostain derivetive *Uses for 1-carcinode tumor 🦠 2-gaintism 3-acromegaly 4-esophageal bleeding 5-glucagonoma & VIPoma #فارما

#respiratory ♦️Pulmonary edema: accumulation of fluid in alveolar space ♦️Cause by 3 maim mechanism: 1-increase hydrostatic p due to LHF 2- decrease the osmotic p due to liver cirrhosis 3-increase alveolar capillary permeability ♦️pathological features : Cross..heavy ..bullky ..wet Histologically ..dilated alveoli filled with fluid...congested alveolar capillary...Heart failure cells #باثو

#respiratory_patho Summary about pathology leacture Bronchiectasis:abnormal..permanent..dilation of bronchi 😃asossciated with🦠suppurative inflammation+☢necrotic change 😁Causes:bronchial obstruction-acute infection-cystic fibrosis 📛affect lower lobes of lung (bilateral). #باثو

#الأنزيمات_البكتيرية :- تعتبر الأنزيمات عوامل حدة تفرزها بعض البكتيريا فتساعد على إنتشارها في الجسم والتسبب بالمرض، ومنها... 1-الكولاجينيز Collagenase يحطم ألياف الكولاجين ويعزز من إنتشار العدوى (Cl. perfringens). 2-الليسيثنيز Lecithinase يحطم الليسيثين، المكون الأساسي لغشاء البكتيريا (Cl. perfringens). 3-الكوأقيليز Coagulase يكون جدار من ألياف الفيبرين حول مكان الإصابة يحمي الميكروب من عملية البلعمة. (S. aureus). 4-الفيبرينولايسين Fibrinolysin أو الستربتوكينيز Streptokinase يحلل خيوط الفيبرين للمساعدة في إنتشار البكتيريابعد تحسن الظروف. ( S. pyogenes). 5-الهيالورونيديز Hyaluronidase يحلل حمض الهيالورونيك الرابط للأنسجة فيساعد في إنتشار البكتيريا (Clostrdia,Streptococci). 6-الستربتودورنيز Streptodornase أو الديوكسي ريبونيكلييز Deoxyribonuclease يحطم DNA المتجمع في القيح Pus فيساعد على إنتشار البكتيريا. (S. pyogenes). 7-البروتييز Protease أو الأمينوجلوبيلين أ Aminoglobulin A يحطم الجسم المضاد IgA المفرز من الأسطح المخاطية فيزيل تأثيره المضاد للبكتيريا. (N. gonorrhoea). #بكتيريا #مايكرو

للتذكير : 💊💊Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt and keeps your potassium levels from getting too low . Spironolactone is used to treat heart failure, high blood pressure (hypertension), or hypokalemia (low potassium levels in the blood) 💊Spironolactone is a moderate antiandrogen. That is, it is an antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR), #فارما

💊Medication for Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS)💊 : عتكون ثلاث حاجات : ✏️To regulate menstrual cycle: 📝Compained contraceptives : can lower risk of endometrial cancer and correct abnormal bleeding, excess hair growth and acne 📝 Progestin therapy : regulate periods and protect against endometrial cancer.  ✏️To help ovulation : 📝Clomiphene (Clomid) .This oral anti-estrogen medication is taken during the first part menstrual cycle. 📝Metformin (Glucophage) : هذا اللي جابنا لهذا الموضوع : 🔴🔴Metformin can enhance ovulation and regulate menstrual cycles Metformin may even improve cholesterol and hirsutism symptoms like acne and excess hair growth. 📝Letrozole : This breast cancer treatment can work to stimulate the ovaries. 📝Gonadotropins . These hormone medications are given by injection ✏️ To reduce excessive hair growth and acne : 📝 Contraceptives as been said ^ 📝 Spironolactone (Aldactone) : This medication blocks the effects of androgen on the skin. Spironolactone can cause birth defect >> contraindicated with pregnancy or planning for .. 📝 Metformin. ^^ #فارما

🍃Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): is a condition that affects a woman's hormone levels. Women with PCOS produce higher-than-normal amounts of male hormones.  The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs. 🍃Signs and symptoms : - irregular periods -Excess androgen : Elevated levels of male hormone may result in physical signs, such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and occasionally severe acne and male-pattern baldness. 🍃 Causes : the main cause is not known . Factors might play rule include: - hereditary - Excess androgen - PCOS have a type of low-grade inflammation that stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens. - Excess insulin might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation. 🍃Complications: -Infertility -Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure -Miscarriage or premature birth -Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation caused by fat accumulation in the liver -Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that significantly increase your risk of cardiovascular diseaseType 2 diabetes or prediabetes -Sleep apnea -Depression, anxiety and eating disorders -Abnormal uterine bleeding -Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer) 🍃 Treatment: Lifestyle changes: weight lose - exercise - limit carbohydrates Medication: follows يمكن #باثو. .. يمكن #فارما

🌹🌹Women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome have been treated with 💊metformin💊.  Benefits include: lipid lowering effects, reduction in systolic blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance syndrome . Metformin has also been shown to aid in normal menstrual regulation and pregnancy. #فارما

🌺Drug treatment : The revised guidance states that all patients with type II diabetes should be offered standard -release 💊metformin as initial treatment, with a gradual increase in dose over several weeks to minimise the risk of gastrointestinal side-effects. If gastrointestinal intolerance occurs, prescribers should consider a trial of modified-release metformin as an alternative. If metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated, patients may begin drug treatment with : 💊sulfonylurea ( glibenclamide ,glyburide, Diabinese) قال هذا في حال طلع ال HbA1c اكثر من ( 6.5%) بس ما وصلش لل ( 7.5%) 💊Thiazolidinedione : pioglitazone  💊( Gliptins ) :DPP-4 inhibitor class include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin . الاثنين الاخيرين يستخدموا في حال حصل Hypoglycemia مع ال metformin .. الدكتور عدنان ^^ #فارما

🌺 Management of HbA1c levels :- Patients should then be offered lifestyle advice ( Diet - sport )and drug treatment to support them to achieve and maintain their target HbA1c. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing to diagnose diabetes An HbA1c of 48mmol/mol (6.5%) is recommended as the cut off point for diagnosing diabetes.  A value of less than 48mmol/mol (6.5%) does not exclude diabetes diagnosed using glucose tests. If HbA1c levels are not controlled with a single drug and rise to 58mmol/mol (7.5%) or more, healthcare professionals should reinforce advice about diet, lifestyle and drug adherence and intensify drug treatment with the aim of reducing HbA1c to 48mmol/mol (6.5%) في هذي الحالة اذا زاد عن ( 7.5%) يعطوه انسولين HbA1c levels should be monitored at three- to six-monthly intervals until levels are stable on unchanging therapy. الدكتور عدنان #فارما

#Disease can causes both obstructive & restrictive lung diseases are :- -Sarcoidosis -BOOP (Bronchiitis obliterans with Organizing pnemonia) -Cystic fibrosis #باثو

Diabetes management Guidelines according to NICE ^^ الدكتور عدنان #فارما

حسب كلام الدكتور حسن اليوم .. اختبار البكتيريا النصفي .. الإثنين بعد القادم. . الموافق 2/9 .. اعملوا حسابكم على هذا الأساس. . #بالتوفيق #اللجنة_العلمية

Leukoplakia

✒ Although the etiology is multifactorial tobacco use (cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and chewing tobacco) is the most common risk factor for leukoplakia and erythroplakia.

✒ Erythroplakia is associated with a much greater risk for malignant transformation than leukoplakia.

Oral Candidiasis( thrush)

✒Factors associated with HSV reactivation include :- - trauma. - allergies. - exposure to ultraviolet light and extremes of temperature. - upper-respiratory tract infections. - pregnancy. - menstruation. - immunosuppression.