GiT Updates and More

✳️ Causes of low platelets: (PLATELETS) •Purpura (eg ITP, TTP) •Leukaemia (& bone marrow disorders) •Autoimmune (eg SLE) •Trauma •Enlarged spleen (& haemolysis) •Liver disease •Ethanol •Toxins •Sepsis (eg DIC)

Causes of Acute Pancreatitis

CT Abdomen Anatomy

wilson disease

2ndry Causes of dyslipidemia

phase of contrast CT

approach to altered mental status

🔰 Outpatient Treatment of Pyelonephritis : ✅Preferred Therapies: Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID* Levofloxacin 750 mg PO daily* TMP-SMX 1 DS tab PO BID** *Consider a single dose of long-acting parenteral agent, such as ceftriaxone, if community prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance >10%. **Consider a single dose of long-acting parenteral agent, such as ceftriaxone, if using TMP-SMX. ✳️Alternative Therapies: Cefpodoxime 200 mg PO BID Cefdinir 300 mg PO BID Beta-lactams are not preferred agents due to higher failure rates when compared to fluoroquinolones. Consider a single dose of long-acting parenteral agent, such as ceftriaxone, if using beta-lactams. 💢Duration of Therapy: 10-14 days ✴️Take Home Point: Utilize ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or TMP-SMX over beta-lactams when discharging patients with oral antibiotics for pyelonephritis.

Algorithm for Dysphagia

Functional dyspepsia dietary management flow chart based on food-nutrient-symptom .

✳️ Glucose-Lowering Drugs to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes ( source ; NEJM )

Dose modifications of Metformin in patients with renal impairment : 1) In adults with eGFR >60 ml / min >> No dose adjustment (maximum daily dose is 2.5 gm/day) 2) In adults with eGFR >45 to <60 mL/min>>Maximum dose is 1.5 gm daily ( with monitoring srcr every 6 months ) 3) In adults with eGFR 30 to 45 mL/min : 3.A )Don't initiate metformin for the Patient , Some experts suggest that ( maximum 1gm daily can be used with a very close monitoring of srcr 3. B.) If the patient is already using metformin but his eGFR is detroitated to be (45 to 30 ml / min ) : Keep using with dose reduction to 1gm daily as a maximum dose ) 4) In patients with eGFR <30 ml/min and those on dialysis >> Use is containdicated. 5) Iodinated contrast : discontinue metformin before iodinated contrast imaging procedures in patients with an eGFR 30 to 60 mL/min or with a history of hepatic disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will receive intra-arterial iodinated contrast and reevaluate after 48 hrs.

causes of iron deficiency and Git causes

GERD

precipitating factors in heart failure

A Mallory-Weiss tear is a tear of the tissue of the lower esophagus. It is most often caused by violent coughing or vomiting. A Mallory-Weiss tear can be diagnosed and treated during an endoscopic procedure. If the tear is not treated, it can lead to anemia, fatigue, shortness of breath, and even shock.

JAMA : Management of TIA ana acute ischemic stroke 2021

Primary Biliary Cholangitis ( PBC )

✴️ causes of biliary dilation