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✅Notes on s-Block Elements: Covalent Character:. Small cation and large anion favors covalency. Order: LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl & . LiI > LiBr > LiCl > LiF Greater the charge on the cation greater is its polarizing power and hence larger is the covalent character: Na+CI- < Mg+2CI2 < AI+3 CI3 Greater the charge on the anion, more easily it gets polarized thereby imparting more covalent character to the compound formed eg covalent character increase in the order. NaCI < Na2SO4 < Na3PO4 c) Lattice Energies: Amount of energy required to separate one mole of solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions. Greater the lattice energy, higher is the melting point of the alkali metals halide and lower is its solubility in water d) Hydration Energy: Amount of energy released when one mole of gaseous ions combine with water to form hydrated ions. M+ (g) + aq → M+ (aq) + hydration energy X- (g) + aq → X- (aq) + hydration energy Higher the hydration energy of the ions greater is the solubility of the compound in water. The solubility of the most of alkali metal halides except those of fluorides decreases on descending the group since the decrease in hydration energy is more than the corresponding decrease in the lattice energy. Due to high hydration energy of Li+ ion, Lithium halides are soluble in water except LiF which is sparingly soluble due to its high lattice energy. For the same alkali metal the melting point decreases in the order fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide For the same halide ion, the melting point of lithium halides are lower than those of the corresponding sodium halides and thereafter they decrease as we move down the group from Na to Cs. The low melting point of LiCl (887 K) as compared to NaCl is probably because LiCl is covalent in nature and NaCl is ionic. Anomalous Behavior of Lithium and diagonal relationship with Magnesium: Li has anomalous properties due to Very small size High polarizing Power Lithium show diagonal relationship with magnesium because both elements have almost same polarizing power. The melting point and boiling point of lithium are comparatively high. Lithium is much harder than the other alkali metals. Magnesium is also hard metal. Lithium reacts with oxygen least readily to form normal oxide whereas other alkali metals form peroxides and superoxides. LiOH like Mg (OH)2 is weak base. Hydroxides of other alkali metals are strong bases. Due to their appreciable covalent nature, the halides and alkyls of lithum and magnesium are soluble in organic solvents. Unlike elements of group 1 but like magnesium. Lithium forms nitride with nitrogen.6Li + N2 → 2Li3N LiCl is deliquescent and crystallizes as a hydrate, LiCI2H2O. Other alkali metals do not form hydrates. also forms hydrate, MgCI2.8H2O . Unlike other alkali metals lithium reacts directly with carbon to form an ionic carbide. Magnesium also forms a similar carbide. The carbonates, hydroxides and nitrates of lithium as well as magnesium decompose on heating. Li2CO3 → Li2O + CO2 MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 2LiOH → Li2O + H2O Mg (OH)2 → MgO + H2O 4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2 2Mg ( NO3)2 → 2Mg + 4NO2 +O2 The corresponding salts of other alkali metals are stable towards heat. Lithium nitrate, on heating, decomposes to give lithium oxide, Li2O whereas other alkali metals nitrate decomposes to give the corresponding nitrite. 4LiNO3 → 2Li2O + 4NO2 + O2 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 2KNO3 → 2KNO2 + O2 Li2CO3, LiOH, LiF and Li3PO4 are the only alkali metal salts which are insoluble in water. The corresponding magnesium compounds are also insoluble in water. Hydrogen carbonates of both lithium and magnesium can not be isolated in solid state. Hydrogen carbonates of other alkali metals can be isolated in solid state. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): a. Properties NaOH is stable towards heat but is reduced to metal when heated with carbon 2NaOH + 2C → 2Na +2CO + H2 FeCl3 + 3NaOH →Fe(OH)3 + 3NaCl NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 (pungent smell) + H2O

Physics Chemistry Medical MBBS NEET: 📖Notes on Thermal Properties of Matter Heat:- Heat is the agent which produces in us the sensation of warmth and makes bodies hot. It is form of energy. The part of thermal energy which flows from one body to the other due to temperature difference is called heat. Nature of heat:- (a) The weight of a body remains the same weather it is heated or cooled. (b) Heat flows from higher to lower temperature (c) In any exchange of heat, heat lost by the hot body is equal to the heat gained by the cold body. (d) Substances generally expand when heated (e) A certain amount of heat known as latent heat is required to change the state of a body from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas without any change in temperature. Thermal Energy:- In accordance to dynamical theory of heat the sum total of translational, vibrational and rotational energies of the molecules of a system is called the thermal energy of the system . Unit of Heat:- (a) Calorie (cal):- It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1ºC. (b) Kilocalorie (kcal):- It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilo gram of water through 1ºC. Temperature:- It is defined as the degree of hotness of a body. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:- It states that the two systems (A and B) which are separately in equilibrium with a third system (C) must also be in equilibrium with each other. Absoluter Zero of Temperature:- (a) Charle’s law:- Vt = V0(1+ t/273) (b) Gay Lussac’s law:- Pt = P0(1+ t/273) (c) Absolute zero of temperature is defined as the temperature at which a gas has zero volume and exerts zero pressure. It is that temperature at which molecular motion ceases. (d) C∝√T, C = √[c12 + c22 +…….+ cn2]/n Absolute gas scale or absolute scale of temperature:- It is that scale of temperature whose zero (i.e. 0ºK) = -273ºC A centigrade degree is exactly equal to the absolute or Kelvin’s degree. Conversion of temperature from one scale to another:- C/100 = (K-273)/100 = (F-32)/180 = Re/80 = (Rα-492)/180 Here C, K, F, Re and Rα are respectively, the temperatures of same both on centigrade, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, Reaumer and Rankin scale, respectively. F = [(9/5)C ]+32 K = C+273 Linear Expansion (longitudinal expansion):- When the expansion due to heating takes place only along one direction, the expansion is said to be one dimensional and linear. Coefficient of linear expansion (α):- Coefficient of linear expansion of the material of a rod is defined as the change in length per unit length, at 0ºC, per degree centigrade rise of temperature. α = lt-l0/l0t 📖Notes on Thermal Properties of Matter Expansion in two dimensions (Superficial expansion):- When the thermal expansion of a body is confined to a plane, it is to be two dimensional expansion or superficial expansion. Coefficient of superficial expansion (β):- It is defined as the change in area of the surface per unit area at 0ºC, per degree centigrade rise of temperature. β = St-S0/S0t Expansion in three dimensions (Cubical expansion/volume expansion):- When thermal expansion of the body takes place in space, it is said to be three dimensional expansion or cubical expansion. Coefficient of cubical expansion (γ):- Coefficient of cubical expansion is defined as the change in volume per unit volume, at 0ºC, per degree celsius rise of temperature . γ = Vt-V0/V0t Relation between expansion coefficients:- (a) Relation between α and β: β = 2α (b) Relation between α and γ: γ= 3α (c) Relation between β and γ: γ = 3/2 β (d) α : β : γ = 1:2:3 Thermal expansion of liquids:- (a) Co-efficient of apparent expansion (γa):- The coefficient of apparent expansion of a liquid is defined as the apparent (or observed) increase in volume, per unit volume of the liquid at 0ºC per degree celcius rise of temperature. γa = apparent increase in volume/(original volume at 0ºC) × (rise of temperature)

(b) Co-efficient of real expansion (γr):- The coefficient of real expansion of a liquid is defined as the real increase in volume, per unit volume of the liquid at 0ºC per degree centigrade rise of temperature. γa= real increase in volume/(original volume at 0ºC) × (rise of temperature) Work and Heat:- Whenever heat is conserved into work or work into heat, the quantity of energy disappearing in one form is equivalent to the quantity of energy appearing in the order. W∝H or W = JH Joule’s mechanical equivalent of heat is defined as the amount of work required to produce a unit quantity of heat. J = W/H Value of J:- J = 4.2×107 erg cal-1 = 4.2 J cal-1 Specific heat capacity or specific heat (c):- Specific heat capacity of a material is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of material through 1ºC. c = Q/mΔT Unit:- kcal kg-1K-1 or J kg-1K-1 Dimension:- M0L2T-2K-1 Molar specific heat capacity(C):- Molar specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram molecule of the substance through one degree centigrade. (a) C = Mc (Here M is the molecular weight of the substance) (b) C = 1/n (dQ/dT) Heat Capacity or Thermal Capacity:- It is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of body through 1ºC. Q = mcΔT If ΔT = 1ºC, Q = heat capacity = mc Unit:- kcal K-1 or JK-1 Water Equivalent:- Water equivalent of a body is defined as the mass of water which gets heated through certain range of temperature by the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of body through same range of temperature. w = mc Water equivalent of a body is equal to the product of its mass and its specific heat. Latent Heat:- When the state of matter changes, the heat absorbed or evolved is given by: Q = mL. Here L is called the latent heat. (a)Specific latent heat of fusion (Lf):- Specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to convert 1 gram of substance from solid to liquid state, at the melting point, without any change of temperature. (b) Specific latent heat of vaporization (Lv):- Specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is defined as the amount of heat required to convert 1 gram of liquid into its vapours at its boiling point without any rise of temperature. Dimensional formula:- M0L2T-2 Unit:- kg cal kg-1 or J kg-1 Triple point of water = 273.16 K Absolute zero = 0 K = -273.15ºC For a gas thermometer, T = (273.15) P/Ptriple (Kelvin) For a resistance thermometer, Re = R0[1+αθ]

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IHL SALT ANALYSIS JITESH PARIK SIR @jeeneetforall https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510794606871672-Salt%20Anal%20P1.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510794741983945-Salt%20Anal%20P2.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510794880129062-Salt%20Anal%20P3.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510795046110823-Salt%20Anal%20P4.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510795184358819-Salt%20Anal%20P5.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510795303590554-Salt%20Anal%20P6.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510795464552153-Salt%20Anal%20P7.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510795590194925-Salt%20Anal%20P8.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510795743117713-Salt%20Anal%20P9.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510795919544923-Salt%20Anal%20P10.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510796085098732-Salt%20Anal%20P11.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510796200951837-Salt%20Anal%20P12.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510796324596776-Salt%20Anal%20P13.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510796420717557-Salt%20Anal%20P14.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510796552324437-Salt%20Anal%20P15.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510796757583426-Salt%20Anal%20P16.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510796959690741-Salt%20Anal%20P17.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510797189296008-Salt%20Anal%20P18.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510797373987427-Salt%20Anal%20P19.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510797510385291-Salt%20Anal%20P20.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510797692497542-Salt%20Anal%20P21.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510797902731674-Salt%20Anal%20P22.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510798048678433-Salt%20Anal%20P23.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510798178772769-Salt%20Anal%20P24.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510798275957835-Salt%20Anal%20P25.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510798441565334-Salt%20Anal%20P26.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510798596889555-Salt%20Anal%20P27.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510798823005503-Salt%20Anal%20P28.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510798955046185-Salt%20Anal%20P29.mp4 https://allenkota.pc.cdn.bitgravity.com/637510799129813025-Salt%20Anal%20P30.mp4 #IHL #jitesh_parik_sir #CHEMISTRY #SALT_ANALYSIS Mr.Devil.😎😎

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🎰Chemistry all Handwritten notes for FREE. 🎰 Use them Wise. 🎖 1. Mole concept https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByRkvg8lBuWYdXFBNVZyOHdSVVE/view?usp=drivesdk 2. Atomic Structure https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByRkvg8lBuWYeGZ1YlIyQkkwM00/view?usp=drivesdk 3. Periodic Table https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByRkvg8lBuWYVm1fR0ZmSW1IYjg/view?usp=drivesdk 4. Chemical Bonding https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByRkvg8lBuWYWkZ4TVg3cG9XREU/view?usp=drivesdk 5. Gaseous state https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByRkvg8lBuWYYTNkYVJGS0pibVU/view?usp=drivesdk 6. Thermodynamics and thermochemistry https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CA0cVu3-ALYuAm0IzC8YXbK7-7f33Ceg/view 7. Chemical Equilibrium https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByRkvg8lBuWYMHhZbFJLdDZlSXM/view?usp=drivesdk 8. Ionic Equilibrium https://drive.google.com/file/d/0ByRkvg8lBuWYQll0cEMwMW05cWM/view?usp=drivesdk 9. S block elements https://drive.google.com/file/d/10B08Ledqk2jt4ZZgyz8wlEiwEDmAur1S/view?usp=drivesdk 10. Boron and carbon family https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nwILXm9-yo-k8iDFGaAf8nwTZ9Yq-yS9/view?usp=drivesdk 11. Redox Reaction https://drive.google.com/file/d/14BPSz8MDLOwQ-s5s8Pwm4kgHCBQaRYs_/view?usp=drivesdk 12. P block group – 15, 16, 17, 18 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fwTLfco1dKnpq4LH8aUpsFfOxUOJ6M4z/view?usp=drivesdk 13. D & f block elements https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O9vP9OuFcxeDyYh0AetDSOduplghoCM8/view?usp=drivesdk 14. Coordination Compounds https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_no2hBoN_yCXZeBmnfcJqCYxy8s9yz1z/view?usp=drivesdk 15. IUPAC Nomenclature https://drive.google.com/file/d/1blnv1UmodVF4N8SwEx3qs-MnMpSGu2pH/view?usp=drivesdk 16. Isomerism https://drive.google.comz/file/d/1f8H5WPHgeznwjX4OYMsXlyIbnM2EXInx/view?usp=drivesdk 17. GOC I https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AndzXpLLzX73vU9KW7cEaRIQwmq_YoG-/view?usp=drivesdk 18. GOC II https://drive.google.com/file/d/1howrxMF6sEvPWBR-Pldeeyer-C4-Rjik/view?usp=drivesdk 19. Chemical Kinetics https://drive.google.com/file/d/1609WCAB9eBpSEn4knylg-25hxM7fCTOn/view?usp=drivesdk 20. Electrochemistry https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x5NgQzMc7ZjiWkUKYBDVRAKMk0Y8cmgI/view?usp=drivesdk 21. Solutions https://drive.google.com/file/d/14Bge5-zTFz3HY4Lpvq9pfrkO139Bv0Ia/view?usp=drivesdk 22. Hydrocarbons https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tqRuNsBcojhzZvyLc5qcQF-iM2C6mqbs/view?usp=drivesdk 23. Halogen Derivatives https://drive.google.com/file/d/1L0j9sa1oOcwOutGUAAE_bGuPNufR7BMm/view?usp=drivesdk 24. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GdpcVSmyJeW0hKPmLEyxV1bU6oUf3S_O/view?usp=drivesdk 25. Aldehyde and Ketone https://drive.google.com/file/d/10Ggx14Bay83vws7GvyV0XbBUbWifhxY3/view?usp=drivesdk 26. N – containing compounds https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QyBvAe3Zisv9OP-jXOSbJ4ZgxHEKXpd7/view?usp=drivesdk 27. Solid State https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SWEwltxDW19mrCAgGUCCOg5zQk88vPvq/view?usp=drivesdk 28. Important organic conversions https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UlrVz7PPoV9cnVSIdA0zu9rqaHX9H0Cj/view?usp=drivesdk ➖〰️➖〰️➖〰️➖〰️➖〰️➖〰️➖〰️ ❣️ FOR MORE join @jeeneetforall

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