🧬📚🏺📜 Steppe Archive

Medieval Turkic Period Samples Y-DNA (N=137) The Khazars, Bulgars, Gokturks, Onoks, Toquzoghuzs, Karluks, Karakhanids, Kipchaks, Cumans, Kimeks, Pechenegs, Uzes, Nogais, Volga Bulgars, Qocho Uyghurs, Yenisei Kyrgyz, Xionites and possible Tiele, Tujue, Kaoche, Sir Tardush samples are included in this chart.

Facial reconstruction of a 1,650-year-old Late Sarmatian woman from Abganerovo, Volga region Credit: Ancestral Whispers

🧬 Neolithic qpAdm model for Turkmens Turkmen.SG (2 samples)

18.5% Yellow River Neolithic Farmer 16.7% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer 14.9% Iranian Neolithic Farmer 13.4% Eastern Hunter Gatherer 12.9% Caucasian Hunter Gatherer 12.3% CisBaikal_LNBA 11.2% Amur River Hunter Gatherer

Y-DNA haplogroup: N/A mtDNA haplogroup: N/A Publication: The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia Sample IDs: Turkmens1.SG, Turkmens2.SG Group ID: Turkmen.SG Date: Modern Location: Turkmenistan

🧬 Neolithic qpAdm model for Uzbeks Uzbek.SG (3 samples)

21.5% Yellow River Neolithic Farmer 17.4% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer 13.1% CisBaikal_LNBA 12.4% Amur River Hunter Gatherer 12.2% Eastern Hunter Gatherer 11.2% Iranian Neolithic Farmer 8.3% Caucasian Hunter Gatherer 3.9% Ancient Ancestral South Indian

Y-DNA haplogroup: N/A mtDNA haplogroup: N/A Publication: The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia Sample IDs: Uzbeks1.SG, Uzbeks2.SG, Uzbeks3.SG Group ID: Uzbek.SG Date: Present Location: Uzbekistan

Facial reconstruction of a Kipchak-Kimak women from eastern Kazakhstan A 1,100-year-old woman from a kurgan burial in Pavlodar, eastern Kazakhstan, dating to the 10th century CE. It is well documented that the shores of the Irtysh River were inhabited by the Kimak (Yemek) Turks during this period. Credit: Ancestral Whispers

Medieval Turkic Samples Y-DNA (N=57) The Khazars, Bulgars, Gokturks, Onoks, Toquzoghuzs, Karluks, Karakhanids, Kipchaks, Cumans, Kimeks, Pechenegs, and Uzes are included in this chart. The Nogais, Volga Bulgars, Qocho Uyghurs, Yenisei Kyrgyz, Xionites, and possible Tiele-Tujue-Kaoche-Sir Tardush samples are not included in the data. A chart including these and other samples not included in this one will be shared later.

The distribution of Y-DNA according to cultures in the samples in the recently published article "Ancient human genomes from the Altai region reveal population continuity and shifts in the 4th-12th centuries"

🧬 Neolithic qpAdm model for Medieval Cuman-Kipchak UKR027

31.5% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer 18.3% CisBaikal_LNBA 17.7% Yellow River Neolithic Farmer 16.5% Eastern Hunter Gatherer 10.8% Caucasian Hunter Gathere 5.2% Iranian Neolithic Farmer

Y-DNA haplogroup: TheYTree: N1a-PH1896 FTDNA: N1a-PH1896 YFull: N1a-PH1896 mtDNA haplogroup: TheYTree: H5a1 FTDNA: H5a1ap YFull: H5a1ap Publication: Mobility in Ukraine from the Bronze Age to the early modern period Sample ID: UKR027 Group ID: UkrMA_Cuman Date: 1100-1200 CE Location: Velyka Znamianka village, Vasylivsky District, Zaporizhzhia Region, Ukraine

🧬 Neolithic qpAdm model for Medieval Cuman-Kipchak UKR056

23.4% Amur River Hunter Gatherer 17.1% Yellow River Neolithic Farmer 15.3% Eastern Hunter Gatherer 13.4% CisBaikal_LNBA 11.3% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer 10.8% Iranian Neolithic Farmer 8.7% Caucasian Hunter Gathere

Y-DNA haplogroup: N/A (Female) mtDNA haplogroup: YFull: R30e1a FTDNA: B5b2a2c Publication: Mobility in Ukraine from the Bronze Age to the early modern period Sample ID: UKR056 Group ID: UkrMA_Cuman_2 Date: 991–1149 CE Location: Kumy village, Krasnograd District, Kharkiv Region, Ukraine

🧬 Neolithic qpAdm model for Medieval Kipchak DA23

22.8% Amur River Hunter Gatherer 19.3% Yellow River Neolithic Farmer 17.9% Eastern Hunter Gatherer 16.0% CisBaikal_LNBA 11.6% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer 6.4% Iranian Neolithic Farmer 6.1% Caucasian Hunter Gatherer

Y-DNA haplogroup: TheYTree: C2a-ZQ352 FTDNA: C2a-F13522 YFull: C2a-F11987 mtDNA haplogroup: TheYTree: F1b1b FTDNA: F1b1b1 YFull: F1b1b1 Publication: DamgaardNature2018 Sample ID: DA23 Group ID: Kazakhstan_Kipchak2.SG Date: 1036-1206 CE Location: Lisakovsk-1 (Kostanay Region, Beimbet Mylin district), Kazakhstan

Subclades of haplogroup G2a1 among the Karachay-Balkar people Credit: Karachay-Balkar History, Culture and DNA

Arzhan-2 Scythian King and Queen Facial Reconstruction Credit: AntromorphLab

📜 Ertuğrul’un babasının adı Gündüz Alp mi? yoksa Gök Göz Musa el-Türkmânî mi? Bedrüddin el-ʿAynî (1361–1451) yazma eserinde Osmanlılar hakkında bazı bilgiler geçiyor, ve bunu kendim Arapçadan Türkçeye çevirdim Kaynak: Bedrüddin el-ʿAynî (1361–1451), İkdü’l-Cumān fī Tārīḫi Ehli’z-Zamān, yazma eser

R1a-Y34305 unpublished samples with Teepean G25 extracted coordinates now looks different, interesting! I still think that the Sarmatian/Western-Scythian hypothesis remains possible I10521.AG I21103_repull.AG I37034.TW I38980.TW

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Simulated G25 results for the unpublished ancient samples that share my haplogroup branch R1a-Y34305 I assume they are Iron Age samples, perhaps Western Scythians or Sarmatians Samples ID: I10521.AG I21103_repull.AG I37034.TW I38980.TW

📜 Khosrow and Shirin epic in Khwarazmian Turkic, Mamluk era in Egypt – Berke Fakih the Kipchak (14th century) The Xusraw u Šīrīn is a work written in the 14th century in Khwarezmian Turkic. It is a Turkic translation of Nizami Ganjavi’s (1141 - 1209 CE) Persian masterpiece of the same name, composed by a poet using the pen name Kutb (in 1341 CE). The only extant manuscript of this work is currently housed at the National library in Paris. 42 years after its initial composition, this manuscript was transcribed in 1385 by Berke Fakih, a Kıpçak scholar of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), in Alexandria on behalf of Altun Boğa. The poet Kutb had originally completed his translation in 1341, dedicated to the Golden Horde ruler Tini Bek Khan (d. 1342) and his wife, Melike Hatun. Manuscript Source (Page 120): Khosrow and Shirin Manuscript Transcript Source (Page 17): Doğan, C. (2014). Harezm Türkçesi.... Author: Berke Fakih, 14th century Date of Composition: 14th century (Mamluk era, Alexandria, Egypt)

Joseph Pierre Ferrier - an 19th century French traveler, military officer, explorer, and writer, describes Central Asian Turkmen features as similar to Uzbeks, noting their small eyes reminded him of Chinese eyes

The Turcomans belong to the great Turkish family,* of this I have not the slightest doubt; and between them and the Uzbeks I see only a difference of tribe and nothing more: the types are similar; the face is flat, large, and pointed at the chin; the beard is sandy or light, thin, and irregular; the head often too small for a body exhibiting considerable development of muscle; the face is pierced with two small holes, the form of which recalls the eyes of a Chinese.

Source (Page 89): Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan Author: Joseph Pierre Ferrier, French officer, explorer, and writer (c. 1811–1868).

🧬 Neolithic qpAdm model for Medieval Kipchak DA93

22.7% Eastern Hunter Gatherer 20.8% Yellow River Neolithic Farmer 16.9% CisBaikal_LNBA 16.1% Amur River Hunter Gatherer 8.2% Iranian Neolithic Farmer 7.7% Anatolian Neolithic Farmer 7.6% Caucasian Hunter Gatherer

Y-DNA haplogroup: TheYTree: R1b-BY42301 FTDNA: R1b-BY42301 YFull: R1b-Y134928 mtDNA haplogroup: TheYTree: D4j8a1 FTDNA: D4j8a1 Publication: DamgaardNature2018 Sample ID: DA93 Group ID: Kazakhstan_Medieval_Nomad.SG Date: 678-975 CE Location: Spartak (Turkistan Region, Otyrar District), Russia