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Physics
Unit 4
voltmeters measures voltage and ammeters measures current.
Voltmeter is connected in parallel with the voltage source to receive full voltage and must have a large resistance to limit its effect on circuit .
An ammeter is connected in series to get the full current flowing through a branch and must have a small resistance to limit its effect on the ciruit.
Resistance is a property that resists the flow of electrons in a conductor. It controls the magnitude of the current.
The SI unit of resistance is ohm.
The simplest electric circuit contains a source of electrical energy (such as a battery) , an electric conductor (such as a wire connected to the battery) and a load (like lamps). Charges flow through a ciruit.
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Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering and physics that relates current (I), voltage (V), and resistance (R). It can be expressed with the formula:
V = I × R
Where:
• V is the voltage (in volts, V)
• I is the current (in amperes, A)
• R is the resistance (in ohms, Ω)
▎Key Points:
1. Current (I): This is the flow of electric charge in a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A). Current can be direct (DC) or alternating (AC).
2. Voltage (V): This is the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. It represents the energy per unit charge and is measured in volts (V).
3. Resistance (R): This is a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
▎Rearranging Ohm's Law:
You can rearrange Ohm's Law to find any one of the three quantities if you know the other two:
• To find current:
I = V/R
• To find resistance:
R = V/I
▎Applications:
Ohm's Law is widely used in electrical engineering to design circuits, analyze electrical components, and troubleshoot issues. It helps in understanding how voltage, current, and resistance interact in various electrical devices.
▎Example:
If you have a circuit with a voltage of 12 volts and a resistance of 4 ohms, you can calculate the current using Ohm's Law:
I = V/R = (12 V)/(4 Ω) = 3 A
This means a current of 3 amperes flows through the circuit.
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Citizen
Unit 7
Patriotism
👉 Patriotism is the sense of love, devotion, and loyalty that an individual feels toward their country. It often involves a commitment to the nation's values, culture, and interests, as well as a desire to support and defend it. Patriotism can manifest in various ways, including civic participation, pride in national achievements, and a willingness to serve or sacrifice for the country.
.Characteristics of Patriotism
1. Love and Affection for One's Country: A deep emotional connection to the nation, its people, and its heritage.
2. National Pride: A sense of pride in the country's achievements, culture, history, and values.
3. Civic Responsibility: An active engagement in civic duties such as voting, community service, and participation in public discourse.
4. Support for National Interests: A commitment to advocating for policies and actions that benefit the country and its citizens.
5. Defense of National Values: A willingness to defend the principles and ideals that the nation stands for, such as freedom, democracy, and justice.
6. Respect for National Symbols: An appreciation for national symbols (like the flag, anthem, and monuments) and traditions that represent the country.
7. Unity and Solidarity: A desire to foster a sense of unity among citizens, often emphasizing common goals and values over differences.
8. Historical Awareness: An understanding of the nation's history, including both its achievements and its shortcomings, which informs a balanced perspective on patriotism.
9. Willingness to Sacrifice: A readiness to make personal sacrifices, whether through military service or other forms of contribution, for the good of the country.
10. Critical Engagement: While patriotism often involves pride in one's country, it can also include a critical perspective that seeks to improve the nation by addressing injustices or flaws.
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19. The last two decades of Haile selassie's region witnessed growing opposition to his regime , which reached its peak in
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18. The Ogaden region has been an area of conflict b/n Ethiopia and Somalia
