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📌The medial walls of the two orbits are nearly parallel 📌The lateral wall is the strongest and thickest wall, which is important because it is most exposed and vulnerable to direct trauma . 📌The bones of the orbit are lined with periosteum called periorbital. 📌The eyelids are moveable folds that cover the eyeball anteriorly when closed. 📌The junctions of the superior and inferior eyelids make up the medial and lateral palpebral commissures. 📌The conjunctival sac is the space bound by the palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae. 📌Lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct. 📌ophthalmic artery establishes a connection between the internal and external carotid artery systems. 📌Central retinal artery is the first and most important branch of the ophthalmic artery. 📌The vitreous body is the largest structure of the eyeball. 📌The aqueous humor is a nutrient-rich fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.

📌The scalp consists of five layers. The first three layers are tightly bound together and move as a collective structure. 📌 The blood vessels within the dense connective layer are highly adherent to the connective tissue. 📌 The loose connective tissue layer is considered the "danger area" of the scalp. 📌 The scalp receives a rich arterial supply via the external carotid artery and the ophthalmic artery (a branch of the internal carotid). 📌 Anteriorly and superiorly, the scalp receives additional supply from two branches of the ophthalmic artery : the supraorbital artery supratrochlear arteries 📌 The scalp receives cutaneous innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve or the cervical nerve roots. 📌 Deep lacerations to the scalp tend to bleed profusely for several reasons. 📌 the scalp is made up of many anastomoses, which contribute to profuse bleeding. 📌 The loose connective tissue layer of the scalp is the danger area of the scalp because pus or blood spreads easily in it. 📌 Caput succedaneum refers to swelling, or edema, of an infant's scalp . 📌 Subgaleal hemorrhage bleeding in the potential space between the skull periosteum and the epicranial apponeurosis. 📌 Trigeminal Neuralgia neurological disorder of the sensory root of CN V that occurs most often in middle-aged and elderly persons.

📌The common carotid artery provides the main blood supply to the head and neck region. 📌Internal carotid artery is a major branch of the common carotid artery. 📌ICA responsible for supplying intracranial structures, the most important one being the brain. 📌External carotid artery supplies blood to the face and neck. 📌CCA the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage(C3-C4), the artery divides into two terminal branches, which are internal and external carotid artery. 📌superficial temporal artery is a smaller of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery While the bigger branch, maxillary artery. 📌Angular artery is the final and terminal branch of the facial artery. 📌The occipital artery is a posterior branch of the external carotid artery. 📌descending palatine artery this divides to form the greater and lesser palatine arteries to supply the hard palate and soft palate respectively. 📌The external jugular vein arises from the union of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein.

📌 The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve. 📌 The facial nerve is associated with the derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch . 📌is the primary innervation of facial muscles. 📌 .Facial n. Has two main roots 1-facial n. Proper(motor) 2-nervus intermedius[sensory root] 📌 intracranial, The nerve arises in the pons, an area of ​​the brainstem. It begins as two roots; a large motor root, and a small sensory root . 📌 facial canal: bony canal located in the superior part of medial wall of middle ear that directed posteriorly to the posterior wall then directed inferiorly to the inferior wall then it opens in the stylomastoid foramen 📌 Greater petrosal nerve: the first branch of facial nerve. 📌 The chorda tympani is responsible for transmitting taste sensation from the anterior two thirds of the tongue. 📌 The facial nerve exits skull via stylomastoid foramen. 📌 The corneal reflex, also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea 📌 Irritation of the conjunctiva and cornea stimulate receptors that initiate the lacrimation reflex.

📌 The trigeminal nerve is the largest and most complex of the 12 cranial nerves (CNS). 📌 It supplies sensations to the face, mucous membranes, and other structures of the head. It is the motor nerve for the muscles of mastication. 📌 Trigeminal nerve has 3divisions: ophthalmic division maxillary division mandibular division 📌sensory root: arises from trigeminal ganglia. 📌The ophthalmic nerve it’s the superior division of the trigeminal nerve and smallest of the three divisions of CN V. 📌 The ophthalmic nerve carries sensory information from the scalp and forehead, the uppekeelid, the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, the nose. 📌 Cavernous sinus The cavernous sinus a paired dural venous sinus located within the middle cranial fossa, on either side of the sella turcica. 📌 Common tendinous ring : It is the common origin of the four rectus muscles. 📌 Branches of ophthalmic division: 💥Frontal nerve Is the largest branch. lacrimal nerve is the smallest 💥branch. 📌 The maxillary nerve the intermediate division of the trigeminal nerve, arises as a wholly sensory nerve. 📌mandibular division: is the inferior and largest division of the trigeminal nerve.

الملاحظات المهمه 📌function of levator anguli oris m. :Raises corner of mouth; helps form nasolabial furrow and aids in smiling. 📌 Function of mentalis m. :Raises and protrudes lower lip creating facial expressions to convey feelings of sadness and doubt. 📌Some of the fibers of orbicularis oris muscle form to vermilion border, which is the demarcation between the lips and thr adjacent skin. 📌Buccinator is composed of three parts; The superior part: originates from the alveolar process of maxilla, The inferior part : originates from the alveolar process of mandible The posterior part : originates from the anterior margin of the pterygomandibular raphe. 📌Buccinator function is : 1-compress the cheek against the molar teeth and prevent them from getting bitten during mastication. 2-contributes to keeping the bolus of food central in the oral cavity . 📌 the modiolus is a chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue. It is important in moving the mouth, facial expression

الملاحظات المهمه 🔥 📍 All facial muscles are supplied by the facial nerve (CN VII). 📍 These muscles have a common embryonic origin 2nd pharyngeal arch. 📍 Orbicularis oculi : The orbital part: closes the eyes tightly, usually for protective purposes. The palpebral part: closing them gently during blinking or sleeping. The lacrimal part: pulls the eyelids and the lacrimal papillae medially and dilate the lacrimal sac, while compressing the lacrimal gland and ducts. 📍 Auricular muscle : its function is mainly insignificant in humans. 📍 Procerus muscle : there function is Create frowning feelings of anger or upon exposure to bright light.

ملاحظات مهمة : المحاضرة الرابعة 4️⃣ 📍The most common type of cranial fracture is ( linear- fracture) 📍Diastatic - fracture, it’s most often seen in children. 📍Counter fracture, no fracture occurs at the point of impact, but rather a fracture occurs on the opposite side of the skull. 📍Open fracture , an open fracture occurs when the skin breaks and the bone is exposed. 📍Raccoon eyes (periorbital bruising): When the base of the skull includes the fracture of the orbit , then bleeding can occur from these, into the soft tissues around the eyeballs. Usually occurs bilaterally (both sides involved). 📍Rhinorrhea is a condition in which the protective fluid that surrounds the brain finds its way into the nose and sinuses, often appearing as a very watery runny nose. من مميزات هذا السائل يكون مالح، فالمريض يكوله للطبيب خشمي دا يخر مثل المي مالح 🔥

امسيكيو كل سنه يجي 🔥🔥

Anatomical landmarks ينحفظ نصاً🔥

ملاحضات مهمة 🔥👇🏻 1.superior temporal line ➡️attachment of temporal fascia. Inferior temporal line ➡️attachment of temporalis muscle. 2.The occipital bone: is the only cranial bone articulates with cervical spine (C1 vertebrae via occipital condyle forming atlanto-occipital joint). 3.Contents of foramina magnum: 🔸brainstem 🔸vertebral artery 🔸spinal vein 🔸spinal branch of accessory nerve 🔸anterior and posterior spinal arteries 4.Nerves passing through jugular foramen: 🔸glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9) and its tympanic branch (Jacobson's nerve). 🔸vagus nerve (CN10). 🔸accessory nerve (CN11). 5.Content of hypoglossal canal 🔸hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Emissary veins 🔥

Middle ear bones 📌malleus 📌incus 📌stapes

Cranial nerves ⚡️

📌All skull joints are suture joints (non mobile) except : 1️⃣Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 2️⃣atlanto-occipital joint

Foramina of the skull ☠️🔥

1. Bregma is the meeting point between coronal & sagittal sutures. its called anterior fontanelle (ossified at 18 months). 2. Lambda is the meeting point between sagittal & lambdoid sutures. Its called posterior fontanelle (ossified at 3 months). 3. Inion is the most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance. 4. Changes in the fontanelle: -sunken ➡️ dehydration -bulging ➡️ increased intracranial pressure ,meningitis, hydrocephalus -delayed ossification ➡️ rickets, down syndrome, hypothyroidism. 5. Metopic suture : median suture present at birth between two halves of frontal bone. Ossified at 8 years. 6. Emissary veins : provide a venous communication between the dural venous sinuses and veins of the scalp or veins inferior to the skull base (cranio-cerebral anastomoses).