basic nursing knowledge

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale used to assess the level of consciousness and neurological function in patients with brain injuries or illnesses. It evaluates three aspects: 1. Eye Opening (E) - Spontaneous (4 points) - To verbal command (3 points) - To pain (2 points) - No response (1 point) 2. Verbal Response (V) - Oriented and converses (5 points) - Disoriented but responds (4 points) - Inappropriate words (3 points) - Incomprehensible sounds (2 points) - No response (1 point) 3. Motor Response (M) - Obeys commands (6 points) - Localizes pain (5 points) - Withdraws from pain (4 points) - Flexion response (3 points) - Extension response (2 points) - No response (1 point) The total score ranges from 3 to 15. Higher scores indicate better neurological function. Interpretation: - 13-15: Mild brain injury or normal - 9-12: Moderate brain injury - 5-8: Severe brain injury - 3-4: Coma or vegetative state The Glasgow Coma Scale is widely used in emergency medicine, neurosurgery, and critical care to monitor patients' neurological status and predict outcomes..

in India ¹: 1. AIIMS Delhi 2. AIIMS Jodhpur 3. AIIMS Bhubaneshwar 4. AIIMS Rishikesh 5. AIIMS Raipur 6. AIIMS Bhopal 7. AIIMS Patna 8. AIIMS Raebareli 9. AIIMS Nagpur 10. AIIMS Mangalgiri 11. AIIMS Gorakhpur 12. AIIMS Bibinagar 13. AIIMS Bhatinda 14. AIIMS Kalyani 15. AIIMS Deoghar 16. AIIMS Rajkot 17. AIIMS Guwahati 18. AIIMS Vijaypur 19. AIIMS Bilaspur 20. AIIMS Darbhanga (upcoming) 21. AIIMS Rewari (upcoming) 22. AIIMS Awantipora (upcoming) 23. AIIMS Madurai (upcoming

Common Signs and Symptoms of some diseases 01. PTB – low-grade afternoon fever. 02. PNEUMONIA – rusty sputum. 03. ASTHMA – wheezing on expiration. 04. EMPHYSEMA – barrel chest. 05. KAWASAKI SYNDROME – strawberry tongue. 06. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA – red beefy tongue. 07. DOWN SYNDROME – protruding tongue. 08. CHOLERA – rice watery stool. 09. MALARIA – stepladder like fever with chills. 10. TYPHOID – rose spots in abdomen. 11. DIPTHERIA – pseudo membrane formation 12. MEASLES – koplik’s spots. 13. SLE – butterfly rashes. 14. LIVER CIRRHOSIS – spider like varices. 15. LEPROSY – lioning face. 16. BULIMIA – chipmunk face. 17. APPENDICITIS – rebound tenderness. 18. DENGUE – petechiae or (+) Herman’s sign. 19. MENINGITIS – Kernig’s sign (leg flex then leg pain on extension), Brudzinski sign (neck flex = lower leg flex). 20. TETANY – hypocalcemia (+) Trousseau’s sign/carpopedal spasm; Chvostek sign (facial spasm). 21. TETANUS – risus sardonicus. 22. PANCREATITIS – Cullen’s sign (ecchymosis of umbilicus); (+) Grey turners spots. 23. PYLORIC STENOSIS – olive like mass. 24. PDA – machine like murmur. 25. ADDISON’S DISEASE – bronze like skin pigmentation. 26. CUSHING’S SYNDROME – moon face appearance and buffalo hump. 27. HYPERTHYROIDISM/GRAVE’S DISEASE – exopthalmus. 28. INTUSSUSCEPTION – sausage shaped mass, Dance Sign (empty portion of RLQ) 29. MS – Charcot’s Triad (IAN) 30. MG – descending muscle weaknesse 31. Guillain Barre Syndrome – ascending muscle weakness 32. DVT – Homan’s Sign 33. CHICKEN POX – Vesicular Rash (central to distal) dew drop on rose petal 34. ANGINA – Crushing stubbing pain relieved by NTG 35. MI – Crushing stubbing pain which radiates to left shoulder, neck, arms, unrelieved by NTG 36. LTB – inspiratory stridor 37. TEF – 4Cs’ Coughing, Choking, Cyanosis, Continous Drooling 38. EPIGLOTITIS – 3Ds’ Drooling, Dysphonia, Dysphagia 39. HODGEKIN’S DSE/LYMPHOMA – painless, progressive enlargement of spleen & lymph tissues, Reedstenberg Cells 40. INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS – Hallmark: sore throat, cervical lymph adenopathy, fever. 41. PARKINSON’S – Pill-rolling tremors 42. FIBRIN HYALIN – Expiratory Grunt 43. CYSTIC FIBROSIS – Salty skin 44. DM – polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia 45. DKA – Kussmauls breathing (Deep Rapid RR) 46. BLADDER CA – painless hematuria 47. BPH – reduced size & force of urine 48. PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS – Nikolsky’s sign (separation of epidermis caused by rubbing of the skin) 49. RETINAL DETACHMENT – Visual Floaters, flashes of light, curtain vision 50. GLAUCOMA – Painfull vision loss, tunnel/gun barrel/halo vision (Peripheral Vision Loss) 51. CATARACT – Painless vision loss, Opacity of the lens, blurring of vision 52. RETINO BLASTOMA – Cat’s eye reflex (grayish discoloration of pupils) 53. ACROMEGALY – Coarse facial feature 54. DUCHENNE’S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY – Gowers’ sign (use of hands to push one’s self from the floor) 55. GERD – Barretts esophagus (erosion of the lower portion of the esophageal mucosa) 56. HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY – Flapping tremors 57. HYDROCEPHALUS – Bossing sign (prominent forehead) 58. INCREASE ICP – HYPERtension BRADYpnea BRADYcardia (Cushing’s Triad) 59. SHOCK – HYPOtension TACHYpnea TACHYcardia 60. MENIERE’S DSE – Vertigo, Tinnitus 61. CYSTITIS – burning on urination 62. HYPOCALCEMIA – Chvostek & Trosseaus sign 63. ULCERATIVE COLITIS – recurrent bloody diarrhea 64. LYME’S DSE – Bull’s eye rash Ottorhea s/s of basilar Fracture

🫁𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐬 the 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐬 :- 🧘‍♀️(i) 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 or 𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 by which atmospheric air is drawn in and 𝐂𝐎𝟐 rich alveolar air is 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐮𝐭. 🧘‍♀️(ii) 𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 of 𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 (O2 and CO2) across 𝐚𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐞. 🧘‍♀️(iii) 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 of 𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬 by blood. 🧘‍♀️(iv) 𝐃𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 of O2 and CO2 between 𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 and 𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐞𝐬. 🧘‍♂️(v) 𝐔𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 of O2 by the cells for 𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜 reactions and resultant release of 𝐂𝐎𝟐. 🚴 In 𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐞 following conditions are favourable for 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 of 𝐨𝐱𝐲𝐠𝐞𝐧 from 𝐨𝐱𝐲𝐡𝐚𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐠𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐧 :- 👉🏻(i) 𝐋𝐨𝐰 PO2 👉🏻(ii) 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 PCO2 👉🏻(iii) 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 H+ concentration 👉🏻(iv) 𝐋𝐨𝐰 pH 👉🏻(v) 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

❇️ Hormone Produced by Anterior Pituitary ➡️Trick ➨ Green Parrot Tickles And Make Fake Look ⇒Green – GH ⇒Parrot – Prolactin ⇒Tickles – TSH ⇒And – ACTH ⇒Make – MSH ⇒Fake  – FSH ⇒Look – LH

🖋️B.F. Skinner Developed a theory called operant conditioning 🖋️Operant conditioning Explains how voluntary behavior is learned. 🖋️Free will The freedom to choose your own destiny 🖋️Slf-actualization The achievement of one's full potential. 🖋️Cognitive perspective Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought process, problem solving, language, and learning 🖋️Cognitive neuroscience The study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes. 🖋️Sociocultural perspective Combines the study of groups and cultural norms. 🖋️Social psychology The study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships. 🖋️Cultural psychology The study of cultural norms, values, and expectations. 🖋️Biopsychology The study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes. 🖋️Biopsychological perspective Human and animal behavior is seen as a direct result of events in the body. 🖋️Evolutionary perspective Focuses on the biological bases for universals mental characteristics that all humans share.

Thyroid gland (1) The name "thyroid" was introduced by Thomas Wharton (1656). (2) It is derived from Greek "Thyreos" a shield. (3) Location: This is the largest endocrine gland of our body. It is located in our neck upon the ventral aspect of larynx (sound box or Adam's apple) and a few anterior most tracheal rings. It is a dark brown and H-shaped bilobed gland. (4) Hormones of thyroid: Thyroid gland secretes two iodinated hormones. (a) Thyroxine: It is an iodine containing (6% iodine) amine hormone which is derived from tyrosine amino acid. Chemically thyroxine is tetraidothyronine though also found as tri-iodothyronine. Secretion of thyroxine is inversely proportional to the blood level of thyroxine (feedback mechanism). (b) Thyrocalcitonin (TCT): It is a long peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular by cells of thyroid gland (C-cells). It secretion is regulated by increased plasma level of calcium by feedback mechanism. (5) Irregularities of thyroid gland (a) Hypothyroidism: (Decreased section of thyroxine from thyroid gland). (b) Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones (Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis) : This may also be a genetic defect, but usually it is provided by chronic infections (influenza, rheumatism, tonsilitis, tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough, etc.) pregnancy, intake of large doses of iodine, over-eating, etc. It results into a considerable increase in glucose and oxygen consumption by cells and the rate of oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria.

Q . Production of RBC is controlled by A .  Liver B .  Kidney C . Heart D . Spleen

Share with neet aspirants

thyroid gland (1) The name "thyroid" was introduced by Thomas Wharton (1656). (2) It is derived from Greek "Thyreos" a shield. (3) Location: This is the largest endocrine gland of our body. It is located in our neck upon the ventral aspect of larynx (sound box or Adam's apple) and a few anterior most tracheal rings. It is a dark brown and H-shaped bilobed gland. (4) Hormones of thyroid: Thyroid gland secretes two iodinated hormones. (a) Thyroxine: It is an iodine containing (6% iodine) amine hormone which is derived from tyrosine amino acid. Chemically thyroxine is tetraidothyronine though also found as tri-iodothyronine. Secretion of thyroxine is inversely proportional to the blood level of thyroxine (feedback mechanism). (b) Thyrocalcitonin (TCT): It is a long peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular by cells of thyroid gland (C-cells). It secretion is regulated by increased plasma level of calcium by feedback mechanism. (5) Irregularities of thyroid gland (a) Hypothyroidism: (Decreased section of thyroxine from thyroid gland). (b) Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones (Hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis) : This may also be a genetic defect, but usually it is provided by chronic infections (influenza, rheumatism, tonsilitis, tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough, etc.) pregnancy, intake of large doses of iodine, over-eating, etc. It results into a considerable increase in glucose and oxygen consumption by cells and the rate of oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria.

#vaccination • Term ‘Vaccination’: Edward Jenner • Term ‘Vaccine’: Louis Pasteur • Vaccines- Anthrax, Rabies: Louis Pasteur • First Polio Vaccine: Jonas Salk • Penicillin (First antibiotic): Alexander Fleming • Growth Chart: David Morley • Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann • Blood group types: Karl Landsteiner • Citrus fruits in prevention of Scurvy: James Lind • Transmission of Yellow fever: Walter Reed • Life cycle of Plasmodium: Ronald Ross First Country Honours • First country to socialize medicine completely: Russia • First country to introduce compulsory sickness insurance: Germany • First country to start family planning programme: India • First country to start blindness control programme: India • First country to establish finger printing bureau: India (Calcutta, 1897) IFA – SUPPLIMENTATION -- ACC. To ANEMIA MUKT BHARAT ( 2018-2022)  6-59 month children – 20mg + 100mcg – Biweekly – bottle – 50ml  5-9 years children - 45 mg + 400 mcg – weekly – pink colour tablet  10-19 years adolescent - 60 mg + 500mcg – weekly – blue colour tab.  20-49 years women ( non-preg) – 60 mg + 500 mcg – weekly – red colour tab  Preg. ,lactating mothers - 60 mg + 500 mcg – Daily – red colour tab Smallpox Eradication • Last case of smallpox in world: 26th October 1977 (Somalia) • WHO declared global eradication of smallpox: 8th May 1980 • Last indigenous case of smallpox in India: 17th May 1975 (Bihar) • Last known case of smallpox in India: 24th May 1975 (Importation from Bangladesh) • India declared smallpox free: April 1977 Few Important Diseases in Public Health • Father of Public Health: Cholera • Barometer of Social Welfare: Tuberculosis • Slims’ Disease: HIV/AIDS Black Sickness: Kala Azar (Leishmaniasis) • Black Death: Plague • Cerebrospinal fever: Meningococcal meningitis • Break-bone fever: Dengue • Monkey fever/ disease: KFD (Kyasanur Forest Disease) • 5-day fever: Trench fever • 8th day disease: Tetanus neonatorum • 100-day cough: Pertussis (Whooping cough) • Koch’s Phenomenon: Tuberculosis • Hansen’s disease: Leprosy • Rubeola: Measles • Rubella: German measles • Rubula: Mumps IMPORTANT ONE LINEAR NOTES Heart size is Normal in : TOF and TAPVC ( infracardiac form ) 2. Visual reflex formation or Macula mature by 5-6 months life 3. Gardasil -- 16 , 18 , 6 , 11 Cervarix -- 16 , 18 4. Renal tubular acidosis -- Normal Anion gap Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis Point to remember -- its NORMAL in Serum but POSITIVE anion gap in Urine 5. Ectopic ACTH Syndrome -- Hypokalemic Alkalosis 6. Anatomical Closure of Ductus arteriosus -- 1-3 months after birth. 1-3 months after birth. (ref: Langman's embryology & Guyton) 7. Corneal donor -- till 6 hour after death 8. Nerve fibers -- A and B are Myelinated ; A to C - Diameter and Velocity decrease 9. For Congenital hypothyroidism -- TSH , best done >48 hrs - 6 days life 10. Child of HIV positive Mother -- Cant use IgG for 1st 18 months to diagnose as that comes from mother. So p24 assay , PCR , Viral Culture are used. 11. Neomycin is present in Polio Vaccine 12. TORCH infectivity -- All at time of birth BUT Rubella has 2 peaks i.e 10 -11 wks and delivery. 13. Unchanged during child birth -- Diameter between Sacral promontary and Pubic Symphisis. 14. RAIU -- I 123 ; RIA ---- I 125 15. CO poisoning -- PO2 Normal but O2 saturation is less. 16. Fetal distress -- S/D ratio-- increases in Umblical Artery , decreases in MCA. 17. All Myopathies are Proximal except Myotonic Dystrophy (type 1) 18. All Neuropathies are Distal except GBS and SMA. 19. Glysine is the smallest and simplest Amino Acid. 20. Adder Head on IVP -- Ureterocele 21. Flower vase / shaking hand sign -- Horseshoe kidney 22. Ligament of Struthers.-- remnant of 3rd head of coracobrachialis , runs from supracondylar spur on anteromedial humerus to medial epicondyle, median n and brachial a may run beneath it. 23. Shortest Colon - Ascending Longest Colon - Transverse

The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for coordination of movements, balance, and muscle tone.

share this link with ur friend or classmete

WHO : 7 April 1948 Headquarter :Geneva (Switzerland) General director : Tedrose Adhanom 🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨🚨 World health day theme 2024 "My health my right"