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💥⟨⟨HORMONES & THEIR FUNCTIONS ⟩⟩💥
1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH)
Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis.
2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex.
4. Gonadotropic hormones
(i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles.
(ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone ( ICSH) or luteinising hormone (LH)
Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female.
5. Luteotropic hormone ( LTH) or prolactin
Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum.
6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful.
7. Oxytocin
Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth.
8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin)
Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water.
Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles , blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure.
9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action.
10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood , Check osteoporosis .
11. Parathormone
Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones.
12. Insulin (from β cells)
Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis.
13. Glucagon (from α cell)
Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood.
Antagonistic to insulin , inhibits glycogenesis.
14. Somatostatin(ss)
Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track.
15. Pancreatic polypeptide
Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease.
16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state.
17. Adrenocorticoids
Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters.
18. Testosterone (leydig's cells)
Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male.
~ stimulate formation of sperms.
19. Estrogen (graafian follicles )
Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female.
~ stimulate maturation of ova.
20. Progesterone ( ovary and Corpus luteum )
Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands.
21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum )
Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth.
22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or HCG (placenta)
Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production.
23. Serotonin
Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
24. Melatonin
Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone.
25. Thymosin
Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.
🔰 Role of nutrients and their deficiency Symptoms 🔰
#Nitrogen
▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.
#Phosphorous
▪️Increase the disease resistance.
▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.
▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.
▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.
▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".
#Deficiency
▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "
▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.
▪️Later develops red purple colourration.
#Disease
▪️Sickle leaf diseases.
#Potassium
▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.
▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.
▪️Cofactor for enzymes.
▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.
▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.
#Deficiency
▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.
▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.
#Disease
▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.
#Calcium
▪️ It is constituent of cell wall
▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.
# Deficiency
▪️ Terminal bud die
#Disease
▪️Tip hooking.
▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).
▪️Popping in groundnut.
#Magnesium
▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️Chlorosis between veins.
#Disease
▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.
#Sulphur
▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.
▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.
#Disease
▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.
▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.
#Iron
▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.
▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.
▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.
#Deficiency
▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.
▪️Scorching of leaf margin.
▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.
#Manganese
▪️Formation of chlorophyll.
▪️Co-factor of enzyme.
▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.
#Deficiency
▪️Dead spot on leaves.
#Desease
▪️Marsh spot of pea.
▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.
#Copper
@agricultureexams2020
▪️Compound of plastocyanin.
▪Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library
▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.
#Boron
▪ Necessary for Pollen germination.
▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.
▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.
#Disease : due to deficiency
▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.
▪️Top sickness of tobacco.
▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.
▪️Hard fruit of citrus.
▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.
#Zinc
▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.
▪️Zn deficiency causes-
-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.
#Cobalt
▪️It is component of Vitamin B
▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.
▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.
▪️Also known as animal protein factor.
#Molybdenum
▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.
▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.
▪️N-fixation in pulses.
▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.
▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.
🔰 Role of nutrients and their deficiency Symptoms 🔰
#Nitrogen
▪️Impart green colour to plant encourages vegetative growth
▪️ Nitrogen is essential constituent of protein
▪️ Constituent of Protoplasm of chlorophyll and coenzyme.
▪️ Play important role in
synthesis of auxin
#Deficiency
▪️ Lower leaves become yellow and dries.
▪️V shaped chlorosis on older leaves or yellowing at tip.
#Disease
▪️Starvation disease due to nitrogen deficiency.
▪️Buttoning in cauliflower.
#Phosphorous
▪️Increase the disease resistance.
▪️ Enhance new cell formation and necessary for root development.
▪️Required for grain formation and maturity of grains.
▪️Phosphorus is essential constituent for nucleic acid and phytin.
▪️Most essential functions are energy storage and transfer energy act as "energy currency".
#Deficiency
▪️Due to deficiency of single element the life cycle of plant can't be completed hence (Agricultureexamslibrary) Phosphorus is called " key of life "
▪️Deficiency imparts dark green colour in leaves.
▪️Later develops red purple colourration.
#Disease
▪️Sickle leaf diseases.
#Potassium
▪️Most essential function of K+ is stomata regulation.
▪️Provides disease resistance in plants.
▪️Cofactor for enzymes.
▪️Formation and translocation of Sugars.
▪️Helps in chlorophyll formation.
#Deficiency
▪️Spot of dead tissue at tips.
▪️Scorching and burning on margins of autumn leaves.
#Disease
▪️Rottle/ dieback disease.
#Calcium
▪️ It is constituent of cell wall
▪️ Calcium is a mobile in plants and deficiency symptoms appear on Meristem tip portion.
# Deficiency
▪️ Terminal bud die
#Disease
▪️Tip hooking.
▪️ Blossom end rot of tomato(BER).
▪️Popping in groundnut.
#Magnesium
▪️ Essential constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️ Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.
▪️Chlorosis between veins.
#Disease
▪️Sand -drown disease of tobacco.
#Sulphur
▪️ Sulphur oxidizing Bacteria is Thiobacillus.
▪️Sulphur is essential for oil seed and pulses because it improves oil content and protein content in oil seeds and pulses, respectively.
#Disease
▪️Akiochi disease of rice due to Excess of hydrogen sulphide.
▪️Tea yellow disease of tea.
#Iron
▪️Fe is the component of nitrate reductase.
▪️Required for nitrogen fixation.
▪️During respiration act as O2 carrier.
#Deficiency
▪️Interveinal complete chlorosis.
▪️Scorching of leaf margin.
▪️Yellowing of iron chlorosis in groundnut.
#Manganese
▪️Formation of chlorophyll.
▪️Co-factor of enzyme.
▪️Mn toxicity causes crinckle leaf of cotton.
#Deficiency
▪️Dead spot on leaves.
#Desease
▪️Marsh spot of pea.
▪️Pahala blight of sugarcane.
#Copper
@agricultureexams2020
▪️Compound of plastocyanin.
▪Essential for photosynthesis/ respiration.Agriexams library
▪️Dieback and reclamation disease of cereals.
#Boron
▪ Necessary for Pollen germination.
▪️Boron is the only non-metal element among the micronutrient.
▪️It is necessary for translocation of Sugars and is involved in reproduction and germination of pollen.
#Disease : due to deficiency
▪️Browning of cauliflower is caused by Boron deficiency.
▪️Top sickness of tobacco.
▪️Fruit cracking of tomato.
▪️Hard fruit of citrus.
▪️Hen and chick disease of grape.
#Zinc
▪️In plants it is required for biosynthesis of hormones.
▪️Zn deficiency causes-
-White bud of maize.
-Khaira disease of rice.
-Little leaf of cotton.
-Mottled leaf of citrus.
-Rosette formation.
#Cobalt
▪️It is component of Vitamin B
▪️It is essential for formation of type of hemoglobin in N-fixing nodule tissue known as leghaemogloin.
▪️Act as O2 carrier in roots.
▪️Also known as animal protein factor.
#Molybdenum
▪️Mo: absorbed as molybdate MoO4-2 forms.
▪️Mo is important component of enzyme: Nitrate reductage.
▪️N-fixation in pulses.
▪️Whiptail of cauliflower is due to deficiency of Mo.
▪️Mo is required for carrot & raphanus for sweetness.
PLEASE TAKE NOTE JAMB EXPO DON'T EXIST , IF YOU PAY ANY ONE PROMISING YOU JAMB EXPO , I THE EXAMGOD IS SAYING TO YOU THAT YOU WILL CRY BLOOD ON YOUR JAMB EXAM DAY MARK MY WORD👂👂🧏🧏
The reasons for the above ☝️ lessons is because of JAMB , kindly go through all the lessons I have been dropping
🧿 Radioactivity 🧿
➖The process of emission of particles from nuclei because of the nuclear instability; is known as radioactivity.
➖The substance that releases such energy/rays is known as radioactive substance.
➖The invisible rays released from such radioactive substance are known as radioactive rays.
➖Likewise, radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon that happens (naturally) because of the nuclear instability of atoms.
➖In 1896 Henri Becquerel first observed the phenomena of radioactivity, but the term ‘radioactivity’ was coined by Marie Curie.
➖Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements namely Polonium and Radium in 1898.
➖For her discovery, Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize.
✅Radioactive Rays
➖After long years of experiment, Ernest Rutherford along with his colleague (Hans Geiger and his student Ernest Marsden), discovered alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays.
➖These rays emitted as the result of the disintegration of atoms.
✅Alpha (α) Particles
➖Alpha particles are usually composed of two protons and two neutrons, which are tightly bound together.
➖Alpha particles are being released during radioactive decay (or alpha decay) from the nucleus radio nuclides.
➖The alpha particles are identical to the nucleus of either normal helium atom or doubly ionized helium atom.
➖In comparison to other particles (i.e. Gamma and Beta), alpha particles are heavy and slow. Therefore, alpha particles have very small range in the air.
➖Because of slow speed, Alpha particles have very weak penetrating powers; these particles are even stopped by a thin paper sheet (see image given above).
➖Because of having the double positive charge, alpha particles are highly ionizing.
✅Beta (β) Particles
➖Beta particles are the fast moving electrons emitted by some radio nuclides during the radioactive decay (also known as beta decay).
➖Beta particles are of much lighter weight and carry a single negative charge.
➖Beta particles are rarely ionizing than the alpha particles.
➖Because of having lighter weight, beta particles can travel much farther than alpha particles; however, beta particles can be stopped by several sheet of papers or one sheet of aluminum.
➖Beta particles are negatively charged and get attracted towards positively charged particles.
✅Gamma (ү) Particles
➖Gamma particles are the bundle of high energy namely electromagnetic energy (photon) emitted by the radioactive elements during the radioactive decay.
➖Among all three particles (alpha, beta, and gamma), gamma particles are the most energetic photons.
➖Gamma particles, which are the form of electromagnetic radiation(EMR), originate from the nucleus.
➖The wavelengths of gamma are the shortest among all three.
➖Gamma particles have no charge and they are neutral; therefore, they are unaffected by magnetic and electric fields.
✅Uses of Radioactive Elements
➖Medical field (treatment of many diseases)
➖Industrial process
➖Energy production – Nuclear reactors
🌀♻️Atoms & Molecules♻️🌀
Around 500 BC, an Indian Philosopher Maharishi Kanad, first time postulated the concept of indivisible part of matter and named it ‘pramanu.’
In 1808, John Dalton used the term ‘atom’ and postulated the atomic theory to the study of matter.
🔅Dalton’s Atomic Theory
➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matter, whether an element, a compound or a mixture is composed of small particles called atoms.
➖According to Dalton’s atomic theory, all matters, whether they are elements, compounds, or mixtures, are composed of small particles known as atoms.
🔅Salient features of Dalton’s Atomic Theory
➖All matter is made of very miniscule particles known as atoms.
➖Atom is an indivisible particle, which cannot be created or destroyed through chemical reaction.
➖All atoms of an element are identical in mass and chemical properties whereas, atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
➖To form a compound, atoms are combined in the ratio of small whole numbers.
➖In a given compound, the relative number and kinds of atoms are constant.
🔅Atomic Mass
➖The mass of an atom of a chemical element; it is expressed in atomic mass units (symbol is u).
➖The atomic mass is roughly equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons present in the atom.
➖One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to the exactly one-twelfth (1/12th) the mass of one atom of carbon-12 and the relative atomic masses of all elements have been calculated with respect to an atom of carbon-12.
🔅Molecule
➖The smallest particle of an element or a compound, which is capable to exist independently and shows all the properties of the respective substance.
➖A molecule, normally, is a group of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together.
➖Atoms of the same element or of different elements can join (with chemical bond) together to form molecules.
➖The number of atoms that constitute a molecule is known as its atomicity.
🔅Ion
➖A charged particle is known as ion; it could be either negative charge or positive charge.
➖The positively charged ion is known as a ‘cation’.
➖The negatively charged ion is known as an ‘anion.’
🔅Chemical Formulae
➖A chemical formula of a compound demonstrations its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each combining element.
➖The chemical formula of a compound is the symbolic representation of its Composition.
➖The combining capacity of an element is known as its ‘valency.’
🔅Molecular Mass
➖The molecular mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of respective substance. For example, the molecular mass of water is calculated as −
➖Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1u
➖Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 u
➖The water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
➖Molecular Mass of Water is = 2 × 1+ 1×16 = 18 u (u is the symbol of molecular mass).
🔅Formula Unit Mass
The formula unit mass of a substance is calculated by taking the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a formula unit of a compound.
🔅Avogadro Constant or Avogadro Number
➖Avogadro was an Italian scientist who had given the concept of Avogadro Number (also known as Avogadro Constant).
➖The number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) present in 1 mole of any substance is fixed, and its value always calculated as 6.022 × 1023.
➖In 1896, Wilhelm Ostwald had introduced the concept of ‘mole;’ however, mole unit was accepted to provide a simple way of reporting a large number in 1967.
🔅Law of Conservation of Mass
During a chemical reaction, sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged, which is known as the ‘Law of Conservation of Mass.’
🔅Law of Definite Proportions
In a pure chemical compound, its elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass, which is known as the ‘Law of Definite Proportions.’
❗️❗️Electric Charges and Fields ❗️❗️
📌 POINT PICKS 📌
🔴 There is a spark or crackle when we take off oursynthetic clothes or sweater in dry whether.
🔴 It is observed that if two glass rods rubbed with wool or
silk cloth are brought close to each other, they repel each
other.
🔴 On rubbing two body, the mass of one body slightly get
lowered.
🔴 An ebonite rod held in hand can be charged by rubbing
with funnel but a copper rod cannot be charged like this.
🔴 When we touch a pith ball with an electrified plastic rod,
some of the negative charges on rod are transferred.
🔴 While calculating the force between the two charges
from coulomb's law, never take into account, the sign of
two charges. It just indicates nature of the force.
🔴 The test charge used to measure electric field at point is
taken as unit in magnitude or very small.
🔴 Field lines are always directed from higher potential to lower potential.
🔴 Neutral point is a point where resultant electric field is
zero.
🔴 When a charged particle enters with velocity at right
angle to the uniform field the trajectory is parabola.
🔴 A surface having same electric potential at every point is an equipotential surface.
🔴 Work done in moving a charge along an equipotential
surface is always zero.
🔴 Relative permitivity of the material is also known as
specific inductive capacitance.
🔴 Two charged spheres having
🧨 Postulates of kinetic theory of gases 🧨
✨ A gas consists of large number of tiny particles called molecules.
Volume occupied by gas molecules, is negligible as compared to the total volume of gas.
✨ There is continuous rapid random motion of gas molecules. The molecules collide with each other and against walls of container.
✨ The molecules are perfectly elastic bodies and there is no loss of kinetic energy during collisions.
✨ There are no attractive forces between the molecules of gas.
✨ The pressure exerted by a gas is due to bombardment of gas molecules against the walls of the container.
✨ The different molecules possess different velocities and hence different energies. The average K.E. is directly proportional to absolute temperature.
💠Properties of Solids and Liquids - Revision Notes on Liquids at Rest:💠
⛔️Force of cohesion:- It is force between two molecules of similar nature.
⛔️Force of adhesion:- It is the force between two molecules of different nature.
⛔️Molecular range:- The maximum distance between two molecules so that the force of attraction between them remains effective is called molecular range.
⛔️Sphere of influence:- Sphere of influence of any molecule is the sphere with molecule as its center and having a radius equal to molecular range (=10-7 cm).
⛔️Surface film:- Surface film of a liquid is defined as the portion of liquid lying on the surface and caught between two parallel planes situated molecular range apart.
⛔️Surface Tension
Surface tension is the property of a liquid by virtue of which its free surface behaves like a stretched membrane and supports, comparatively heavier objects placed over it. It is measured in terms of force of surface tension.
⛔️Force of surface tension:- It is defined as the amount of force acting per unit length on either side of an imaginary line drawn over the liquid surface.
(a) T = Force/length = F/l
(b) T = Surface energy/Surface area = W/A
Units:- S.I – Nm-1
C.G.S- dyn cm-1
⛔️Additional force:-
(a) For a cylindrical rod:- F = T×2πr (Here r is the radius of cylindrical rod)
(b) For a rectangular block:- F = T×2(l+d) (Here l is the length and d is the thickness of the rectangular block)
(c) For a ring:- F = T×2×2πr (Here r is the radius of cylindrical rod)
⛔️Surface energy:-
Potential energy per unit area of the surface is called surface energy.
(a) Expansion under isothermal condition:-
To do work against forces of surface tension:-
W= T×A (Here A is the total increase in surface area)
To supply energy for maintaining the temperature of the film:-
E = T+H
(b) Expansion under adiabatic conditions:-
E = T
Force of surface tension is numerically equal to the surface energy under adiabatic conditions.
⛔️Drops and Bubbles:-
(a) Drop:- Area of surface film of a spherical drop of radius R is given by, A = 4πR2
(b) Bubble:- The surface area of the surface films of a bubble of radius R is, A = 2×4πR2
⛔️Combination of n drops into one big drop:-
(a) R = n1/3r
(b) Ei = n (4πr2T), Ef =4πR2T
(c) Ef/ Ei = n -1/3
(d) ΔE/Ei = [1-(1/n1/3)]
(e) ΔE = 4πR2T (n1/3-1) = 4πR3T (1/r – 1/R)
⛔️Angle of contact:- Angle of contact, for a pair of solid and liquid, is defined as the angle between tangent to the liquid surface drawn at the point of contact and the solid surface inside the liquid.
(a) When θ < 90º (acute):-
Fa >Fc/√2
(i) Force of cohesion between two molecules of liquid is less than the force of adhesion between molecules of solid and liquid.
(ii) Liquid molecules will stick with the solid, thus making solid wet.
(iii) Such liquid is put in the solid tube; it will have meniscus concave upwards.
(b) When θ > 90º (obtuse):-Fa<Fc/√2
(i) Force of cohesion between two molecules of liquid is less than the force of adhesion between molecules of solid and liquid.
(ii) In this case, liquids do not wet the solids.
(iii) Such liquids when put in the solid tube will have a meniscus convex upwards.
(c) When θ = 90º:-?
Fa=Fc/√2
The surface of liquid at the point of contact is plane. In this case force of cohesion and adhesion are comparable to each other.
(d) cosθc = Tsa – Tsl/Tla
Here, Tsa,Tsl and Tla represent solid-air, solid-liquid and liquid-air surface tension respectively). Here θc is acute if Tsl < Tsa while θc is obtuse if Tsl >Tsa.
⛔️Capillarity:-
?Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube?Capillarity is the phenomenon, by virtue of which the level of liquid in a capillary tube is different from that outside it, is called capillarity.
Weight of liquid, W = Vρg = πr2[h+(r/3)]ρg (Here r is the radius meniscus)
If weight of meniscus is taken into account, the force of surface tension will be,
T = [r(h+(r/3)) ρg]/2 cosθ
For fine capillary, force of surface tension, T = rhρg/2 cosθ
So height, h = 2T cosθ/ rρg
🔥Increasings or Decreasing Order🔥
🔴 01. Melting point=
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
🔴 02. Colour of the flame=
Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green
🔴 03. Stability of hydrides =
LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH
🔴 04. Basic nature of hydroxides=
LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
🔴 05. Hydration energy=
Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs
🔴 06. Reducing character=
Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na
🔴 07. Stability of +3 oxidation state=
B> Al > Ga > In > T1
🔴 08. Stability of +1 oxidation state= Ga < In < TI
🔴 09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides=
B< Al< Ga < In < TI
🔴 10. Relative strength of Lewis acid= BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3
🔴 11. Ionisation energy=
B> Al <Ga > In <TI
🔴 12. Reactivity=
C<Si< Ge < Sn <Pb
🔴 13. Metallic character=
C< Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
🔴 14. Acidic character of the oxides=
Co2 > SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2
🔴 15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4
🔴 16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4
🔴 17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
🔴 18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4
🔴 19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3
🔴 20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi202
🔴 21. Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO <N2O3 <N2O4 < N2O5
🔴 22. Basic nature/ bond angle/ thermal stability and dipole moment of hydrides=
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
🔴 23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3
🔴 24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 <NCl3 <NBr3 < NI3
🔴 25. Ease of hydrolysis of trichlorides=
NCl3 > PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3
🔴 26. Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb=
PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3
🔴 27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3
🔴 28. Melting and boiling point of hydrides=
H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S
🔴 29. Volatility of hydrides=
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S
🔴 30. Reducing nature of hydrides=
H2S < H2Se < H2Te
🔴 31. Covalent character of hydrides=
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
🔴 32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)=
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3
🔴 33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)=
SO < SO2 < SO3
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2
🔴 34. Bond energy of halogens=
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
🔴 35. Solubility of halogen in water =
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
🔴 36. Oxidising power=
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
🔴 37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion=
F- > Cl- > Br- >I-
🔴 38. Reactivity of halogens:=
F> Cl> Br > I
🔴 39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides
= M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I
🔴 40. Reducing character of X ion:=
I- > Br- > Cl- > F-
🔴 41. Acidic strength of halogen acids=
HI > HBr > HCI > HF
🔴 42. Reducing property of hydrogen halides
= HF < HCL < HBr < HI
🔴 43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine
= Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7
🔴 44. Decreasing ionic size=
02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+
🔴 45. Increasing acidic property=
Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205
🔴 46. Increasing bond length=
N2 <02 < F2 < CL2
🔴 47. Increasing size=
Ca2+ < Cl- < S2-
🔴 48. Increasing acid strength=
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
🔴 49. Increasing oxidation number of iodine=
HI< I2 <ICl <HIO4
🔴 50. Increasing thermal stability=
HOCl < HOClO < HOClO2 < HOClO3
*ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP SHOULD KINDLY GO THROUGH ALL THE CHART AM SENDING IT WILL HELP YOU TO GRAP MANY UNDERSTANDING OF SETTING TOPICS*
