UPSC Optional Notes

*🛡️Naoroji and his Drain Theory* ♟️Dadabhai Naoroji, known as the "Grand Old Man of Indian Nationalism‟, was a prominent early nationalist. He was also “Unofficial Ambassador of India” in England. ♟️He was elected to the Bombay Municipal Corporation and Town Council during the 1870s. ♟️Elected to the British Parliament in 1892[1st Asian], he founded the India Society (1865) and the East India Association (1866) in London. He was elected thrice as the President of the INC. ♟️After his death, Dadabhai Naoroji was referred to as the “Father of the Nation” by Gandhiji and as “Father of the Indian National Congress” by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. ♟️His major contribution to the Indian nationalist movement was his book Poverty and Un-British Rule of the British in India (1901). In this book, he put forward the concept of "DRAIN OF WEALTH". ♟️He stated that in any country the tax raised would have been spent for the wellbeing of the people of that country. But in British India, taxes collected in India were spent for the welfare of England. ♟️Naoroji argued that India had exported an average of 13 million pounds worth of goods to Britain each year from 1835 to 1872 with no corresponding return. The goods were in lieu of payments for profits to Company shareholders living in Britain, guaranteed interest to investors in railways, pensions to retired officials and generals, interest for the money borrowed from England to meet war expenses for the British conquest of territories in India as well as outside India. All these, going in the name of Home Charges, Naoroji asserted, made up a loss of 30 million pounds a year.

*🛡️Dissolution* ♟️Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, is not subject to dissolution. Only the Lok Sabha is subject to dissolution. ♟️Unlike a prorogation, a dissolution ends the very life of the existing House, and a new House is constituted after general elections are held. ♟️The dissolution of the Lok Sabha may take place in either of two ways: 1. Automatic dissolution, that is, on the expiry of its tenure of five years or the terms as extended during a national emergency; or 2. Whenever the President decides to dissolve the House, which he is authorised to do. Once the Lok Sabha is dissolved before the completion of its normal tenure, the dissolution is irrevocable.

*🛡️Quorum* ♟️Quorum is the minimum number of members required to be present in the House before it can transact any business. It is one-tenth of the total number of members in each House including the presiding officer. ♟️It means that there must be at least 55 members present in the Lok Sabha and 25 members present in the Rajya Sabha, if any business is to be conducted. If there is no quorum during a meeting of the House, it is the duty of the presiding officer either to adjourn the House or to suspend the meeting until there is a quorum.

*🛡️Language In Parliament* ♟️The Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the languages for transacting business in the Parliament. However, the presiding officer can permit a member to address the House in his mother-tongue. In both the Houses, arrangements are made for simultaneous translation. ♟️Though English was to be discontinued as a floor language after the expiration of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution (that is, in 1965), the Official Languages Act (1963) allowed English to be continued along with Hindi.

LAST LIVE BATCH - CSAT CRASH COURSE | Starts 7 February Onwards | 45 Days Batch! Secure your CSAT Paper - Sunya IAS | through Concepts | by Team of IITians Offer Price - Rs 1699/- ONLY! Register at (or Watch Demo Videos): ☘ ONLINE LIVE - https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/csat-course-2025-by-iitians-7-february ☘ OFFLINE DELHI - https://www.sunyaias.com/subscription-details/csat-2025-batch-offline-delhi For any query, reach us at: https://forms.gle/NUCUZERzayZm9b159 Telegram @CsatSunyaIAS