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𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟮 𝗟𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗧𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗢𝗪 𝗜.𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠
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𝗝𝗶𝘀𝗻𝗲 𝗷𝗶𝘀𝗻𝗲 𝗯𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝘁𝗵𝗮 𝘆𝗮𝗮𝗱 𝘀𝗲 𝗮𝗽𝗻𝗜 𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝗿 𝗱𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗮 𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁❤️❤️💯💯
🔰INORGANIC IN SHOTS🔰
✌️Increasings or Decreasing Order
✨01. Melting point=
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
✨02. Colour of the flame=
Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green
✨03. Stability of hydrides =
LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH
✨04. Basic nature of hydroxides=
LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
✨05. Hydration energy=
Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs
✨06.) Reducing character=
Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na
✨07. Stability of +3 oxidation state=
B> Al > Ga > In > T1
✨08. Stability of +1 oxidation state= Ga < In < TI
✨09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides=
B< Al< Ga < In < TI
✨10. Relative strength of Lewis acid= BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3
✨11. Ionisation energy=
B> Al In SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2
✨15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4
✨16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4
✨17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
✨18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4
✨19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3
✨20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi̟202
✨21) Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
✨23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3
✨24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3
✨26.Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb=
PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3
✨27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3
✨(28) Melting and boiling point of hydrides=
H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S
✨29. Volatility of hydrides=
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S
✨30. Reducing nature of hydrides=
H2S < H2Se < H2Te
✨31. Covalent character of hydrides=
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
✨32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)=
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3
✨33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)=
SO < SO2 < SO3
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2
✨34. Bond energy of halogens=
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
✨35. Solubility of halogen in water =
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
✨36. Oxidising power=
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
✨37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion=
F- > Cl- > Br- >I-
✨38. Reactivity of halogens:=
F> Cl> Br > I
✨39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides
= M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I
✨40. Reducing character of X ion:=
I- > Br- > Cl- > F-
✨41. Acidic strength of halogen acids=
HI > HBr > HCI > HF
✨42 Reducing property of hydrogen halides
= HF < HCL < HBr < HI
✨43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine
= Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7
✨44. Decreasing ionic size=
02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+
✨45 Increasing acidic property=
Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205
✨46 Increasing bond length=
N2 <02 < F2 < CL2
✨47 Increasing size=
Ca2+ < Cl- < S2-
✨48 Increasing acid strength=
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
✨49 Increasing oxidation number of iodine=
HI< I2
✅Notes on s-Block Elements: Sodium Carbonate (Washing soda) (Na2CO3):
a) Preparation:
Solvay process:
Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a brine solution saturated with ammonia and itresults in the formation of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NH4HCO3
NaCI + NH4HCO3 → NaHCO3 + NH4CI
Sodium hydrogen carbonate so formed precipitates out because of the common ion effect caused due to the presence of excess of NaCl. The precipitated NaHCO3 is filtered off and then ignited to get Na2CO3.
2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
b) Properties
1. The aqueous solution absorbs CO2 yielding sparingly soluble sodium bicarbonate.
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 → 2NaHCO3
2. dissolves in acids with an effervescence of carbondioxide and is causticised by lime to give caustic soda.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl →2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → 2NaOH + CaCO3
3. Fusion with silica, sodium carbonate yields sodium silicate.
Na2CO3 + SiO2 → Na2SiO3 + CO2
4. Hydrolysis – being a salt of a strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (H2CO3), when dissolved in water sodium carbonate. Undergoes hydrolysis to form an alkaline solution
Na2CO3 + 2H2O→ H2CO3 + 2NaOH
c) Uses
It is used for softening hard water.
A mixture of sodium carbonate & potassium carbonate is used as fusion mixture.
As an important laboratory reagent both in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
It is used in paper, paints and textile industries.
It is used for washing purposes in laundry.
It is used in the manufacture of glass, borax, soap and caustic soda.
Alkali Earth Metals (Group II elements of modern periodic table):
Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba) and Radium (Ra).
Physical Properties of Alkali Earth Metals:
1. Alkali earth metals are almost similar in properties to the corresponding alkali metals.
Higher melting points than alkali metals
Higher boiling points alkali metals
Higher densities alkali metals
Harder than the corresponding alkali metals
2. Atomic and ionic radii
The atomic radii as well as ionic radii of the members of the family are smaller than the corresponding members of alkali metals.
3. Ionization energy: The alkaline earth metals owing to their large size of atoms have fairly low values of ionization energies as compared to the p – block elements. However with in the group, the ionization energy decreases as the atomic number increases. It is because of increase in atomic size due to addition of new shells and increase in the magnitude of screening effect of the electrons in inner shells. Because their (IE)1 is larger than that of their alkali metal neighbours, the group IIA metals trend to the some what less reactive than alkali metals. The general reactivity trend is Ba > Sr > Ca > Mg > Be.
4. Oxidation state: The alkaline earth metal have two electrons in their valence shell and by losing these electrons, these atoms acquire the stable noble gas configuration. Thus, unlike alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals exhibit +2 oxidation state in their compounds.
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❇️ pH मान [ pH value ] 📚📚
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
▪️ जल का pH मान कितना होता है = 7
▪️ दूध का PH मान कितना होता है = 6.4
▪️ सिरके का PH कितना होता है = 3
▪️ मानव रक्त का pH मान = 7.4
▪️ नीबू के रस का pH मान = 2.4
▪️ NaCl का pH मान = 7
▪️ pH पैमाने का पता किसने लगाया = सारेन्सन ने
▪️ अम्लीय घोल का pH मान कितना होता है = 7 से कम
▪️ उदासिन घोल का pH मान = 7
▪️ शराब का pH मान = 3.5
▪️ मानव मूत्र का pH मान = 4.8 - 8.4
▪️ समुद्री जल का pH मान = 8.1
▪️ आँसू का pH मान = 7.4
▪️ मानव लार का pH मान = 6.5
Nomenclature of Alcohol
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Formation of an alkane from the reduction of an alkyl halide with Zn is known as
Zn के साथ ऐल्किल हैलाइड के अपचयन से ऐल्केन का बनना कहलाता है।
🛑 Handwritten Notes : Animal Tissues
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Which among the following compounds is the most reducing compound?
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा यौगिक सबसे कम करने वाला यौगिक है?
🛑 Handwritten Notes : Wave Optics
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