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*NECO GCE BIOLOGY* *NUMBER FOUR* (4ai) (PICK ANY THREE) (i) Binoculars (ii) Camera traps (iii) GPS trackers (iv) Transect tapes (v) Infrared cameras (4aii) (i) Resting membrane potential: When a neuron is at rest, there is a separation of charges across the cell membrane, with a higher concentration of positive ions (such as sodium, Na+) outside the cell and a higher concentration of negative ions (such as chloride, Cl-) inside the cell. This results in a resting membrane potential of around -70 millivolts (mV). (ii) Depolarization: When a stimulus is received by the neuron, it causes changes in the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing positive ions (primarily Na+) to flow into the neuron. This influx of positive ions depolarizes the cell membrane, making the inside of the neuron more positive. (iii) Action potential: If the depolarization reaches a certain threshold, it triggers the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the cell membrane. This allows a rapid influx of sodium ions into the neuron, causing a rapid increase in membrane potential and generating an action potential. (iv) Repolarization: After the action potential is generated, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions (K+) to flow out of the neuron. This results in the restoration of the negative charge inside the neuron and repolarization of the cell membrane. (v) Hyperpolarization: The movement of potassium ions continues briefly after repolarization, causing an overshoot and hyperpolarization of the cell membrane, making the inside of the neuron more negative than its resting state. (vi) Sodium-potassium pump: To restore the ion concentrations to their original state, a sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions back in. This process requires ATP as a source of energy. (4bi) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Myopia (nearsightedness): A condition where distant objects appear blurry, while close objects are seen clearly. (ii) Hyperopia (farsightedness): A condition where close objects appear blurred, while distant objects can be seen more clearly. (iii) Astigmatism: A condition where the cornea or lens is irregularly shaped, causing blurred or distorted vision at all distances. (iv) Presbyopia: A condition that occurs with age, resulting in difficulty focusing on close objects. (4bii) (PICK ANY FOUR) (i) Petals (ii) Sepals (iii) Stamens (iv) Carpels (v) Ovary (vi) Stigma (4biii) Grass –>> Grasshopper –>> Lizard –>> Snake

(2bi) -Bush Burning- (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Loss of vegetation: Bush burning destroys plants, resulting in a loss of habitat and decreased biodiversity. (ii) Soil degradation: Intense heat from bush burning can lead to soil degradation, reducing its fertility and ability to support plant growth. (iii) Air pollution: Bush burning releases large amounts of smoke and pollutants into the air, contributing to air pollution and affecting air quality. (iv) Disruption of natural cycles: Bush burning can disrupt natural ecological cycles, such as nutrient cycling and succession. -Fertilizer Application- (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Eutrophication: Overuse or improper application of fertilizers can lead to eutrophication, where excessive nutrients enter water bodies, leading to algal blooms and oxygen depletion. (ii) Soil pollution: Certain fertilizers can contain harmful chemicals that can pollute the soil, affecting soil quality and the health of organisms living in it. (iii) Biodiversity loss: Fertilizer application can favor the growth of certain plant species, leading to a decrease in biodiversity as they outcompete other species. (iv) Water pollution: Runoff from excessive fertilizer application can enter water bodies, contaminating them and affecting aquatic ecosystems. -Use of Pesticides- (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Harm to non-target organisms: Pesticides can harm not only the targeted pests but also beneficial organisms such as pollinators, natural predators, and soil organisms, affecting biodiversity. (ii) Bioaccumulation and biomagnification: Some pesticides can accumulate in the body tissues of organisms and can become more concentrated as they move up the food chain, posing a risk to higher-level consumers. (iii) Soil and water contamination: Pesticides can leach into the soil and be carried into groundwater or runoff into water bodies, causing pollution and affecting aquatic ecosystems. (iv) Development of pesticide resistance: Overuse of pesticides can lead to the development of resistance in target pests, making them harder to control and requiring stronger and potentially more harmful pesticides. (2bii) (i) Pulmonary Respiration (ii) Cutaneous Respiration (iii) Buccopharyngeal Respiration [11/12, 1:41 PM] 💧ogojithecreator_💧: 3bi) Xylem: The main function of xylem is to transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Additionally, it provides structural support to the plant. Vein: In the context of anatomy, veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the various organs and tissues in the body. They also transport waste products and carbon dioxide for elimination. Artery: Arteries are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart to the various organs and tissues in the body. They have thicker walls than veins and are designed to withstand the pressure of the pumping blood. Phloem: The primary function of phloem is to transport sugars (carbohydrates) and other organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant. This process, known as translocation, provides nutrients and energy to the plant's growing regions and other storage areas. [11/12, 1:41 PM] 💧ogojithecreator_💧: 3aii) 1. Brewing and Fermentation: Yeast is extensively used in the brewing industry for the production of alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine. Yeast is responsible for the fermentation process, converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Different strains of yeast are selected based on their ability to produce desired flavors and aromas. 2. Baking and Dough Fermentation: Yeast is a crucial ingredient in the baking industry. It is used to leaven dough, causing it to rise and create a light and fluffy texture in bread, pastries, and other baked goods. Yeast metabolizes sugar and releases carbon dioxide gas, creating air pockets in the dough, resulting in the characteristic texture of bread. Additionally, yeast also contributes to the complex flavors and aromas in baked products.

[11/12, 12:44 PM] 💧ogojithecreator_💧: *NECO GCE BIOLOGY* *NUMBER ONE* (1ai) Organic evolution refers to the gradual change in the genetic makeup of a population over generations, resulting in the development of new species from pre-existing ones. It involves the processes of natural selection and genetic variation. (1aii) (i) Animals (ii) wind (1aiii) (i) Photosynthesis is a process in which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, using light energy. *While* Respiration is a process in which cells break down glucose to produce energy, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. (ii) Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, *while* respiration occurs in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells. (1aiv) (PICK ANY TWO) (i) Cell elongation: Auxin promotes elongation of plant cells, leading to growth and development. (ii) Apical dominance: Auxin inhibits the growth of lateral buds, directing the plant's growth towards the main apical bud. (iii) Tropisms: Auxin plays a role in tropisms, such as phototropism (growth towards light) and gravitropism (response to gravity). (iv) Root formation: Auxin stimulates the formation of roots in cuttings, aiding in vegetative propagation. (1bi) Metamorphosis in houseflies (Musca domestica) involves distinct stages of development. It starts with an egg, which hatches into a larva or maggot. The larva goes through several instars, growing in size and molting its exoskeleton. After the larval stage, it enters the pupal stage, during which it undergoes internal changes and transforms into an adult housefly. The adult housefly emerges from the pupa, ready for reproduction. (1bii) (i) Subatomic particles: These are the smallest units of matter, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. (ii) Atoms: Atoms are the building blocks of matter and comprise subatomic particles. They combine to form molecules. (iii) Molecules: Molecules are formed by the combination of atoms. They can be simple, like water (H2O), or complex, like DNA. (iv) Cells: Cells are the basic units of life. They are made up of molecules and carry out various functions necessary for life. (v) Tissues: Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. They can be found in organs and organ systems. [11/12, 1:38 PM] 💧ogojithecreator_💧: Neco GCE Biology Obj-by MR FEMI SOLUTIONS 01-10 CBDBDACCBD 11-20 AAEBCEDCCB 21-30 BBCACBEAAE 31-40 DDCDBDCAAB 41-50 DDEEDADABE 51-60 EAAEACABAB Completed by MR FEMI SOLUTIONS TEAM! [11/12, 1:41 PM] 💧ogojithecreator_💧: *NECO GCE BIOLOGY* *NUMBER TWO* (2ai) (i) Imbibition: The seed absorbs water from the soil, causing it to swell and activate biochemical processes within the seed. (ii) Activation of Enzymes: The imbibed water activates enzymes within the seed, which initiate the metabolic processes necessary for germination. (iii) Mobilization of Stored Energy: The stored energy reserves, such as starch and proteins, within the seed are broken down into simple sugars to provide energy for the growing embryo. (iv) Growth of the Embryo: The embryo grows, and the radicle (primary root) emerges from the seed, followed by the emergence of the shoot, which develops into the stem and leaves. (v) Photosynthesis: As the shoot emerges and develops leaves, the plant is able to carry out photosynthesis, which provides it with the energy to continue growing. (2aii) (i) Availability of Resources: The availability of food, water, shelter, and suitable habitat directly influences the population size. (ii) Predation: The presence of predators can limit the population size of organisms as they prey on them, causing a decrease in the population. (iii) Competition: Competition for limited resources, such as food and territory, can limit the population size of organisms as individuals have to compete for these resources. (iv) Disease and Parasites: The presence of diseases and parasites can negatively impact the population size by causing morbidity and mortality.

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*PHYSICS PRACTICAL* 1bi The motion observed when a vertically floating rod in a liquid is depressed slightly and then released is called "Simple Harmonic Motion" (SHM). Definition of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): Simple Harmonic Motion is a repetitive, periodic motion where an object oscillates back and forth around an equilibrium position, and the force acting on the object is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and is directed towards it. In the case of the rod in the liquid, when it's depressed slightly and then released, it experiences a restoring force (usually buoyancy in this scenario) that pulls it back towards its original equilibrium position. The rod then oscillates up and down in the liquid, with its motion being described by the principles of Simple Harmonic Motion.