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• During the Revolt of 1857, British radical thinker and Chartist leader Ernest Charles Jones strongly supported the Indian uprising and rejected the British view that it was merely a “mutiny.” Writing in his newspaper The People’s Paper, Jones described the revolt as a just and noble struggle against British imperialism and exploitation. •He linked the revolt to wider themes of: •anti-colonial resistance, •workers’ rights, •democracy, •and international solidarity between oppressed peoples. Jones argued that British rule had caused Indian suffering through: •economic exploitation, •famines, •misgovernance, •and destruction of Indian society. • He published articles and poems such as The Revolt of Hindostan and The New World, praising the courage of Indian rebels and calling the uprising a “national insurrection for independence.”

• India follows the principle of single citizenship; dual citizenship is not permitted under the Constitution and Citizenship Act, 1955. • Voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship leads to automatic termination of Indian citizenship. • Articles 5–11 in Part II of the Constitution deal with citizenship provisions. • Article 11 empowers Parliament to regulate citizenship through law. • Citizenship Act, 1955 provides five modes of acquiring citizenship: Birth, Descent, Registration, Naturalisation, and Incorporation of Territory. • Section 6 of the Citizenship Act deals with citizenship by naturalisation. • Naturalisation condition: Residence in India for 12 years in total - including 12 continuous months immediately before application and 11 years in the preceding 14 years. • OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) is not “dual citizenship”; it only provides limited lifelong visa and residency benefits. • OCI cardholders cannot vote, contest elections, or hold constitutional offices like President, Vice-President, Governor, Judge, etc. • Indian passport must be surrendered after acquiring foreign citizenship; holding both passports simultaneously is illegal. • OCI scheme was introduced through the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA) amended provisions related to citizenship by naturalisation for specified migrant communities from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.

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“Shiva Nataraja” is a Chola-period bronze sculpture originally belonging to Sri Bhava Aushadesvara Temple, Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. • The sculpture was photographed in the temple in 1957 and later found to have been removed illegally from India. • Two antiquities have already reached India: 1. “Somaskanda-Shiva and Uma” - 12th century Chola period bronze. 2. “Saint Sundarar with Paravai” - 16th century Vijayanagara-period bronze. • “Shiva Nataraja” is currently displayed at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Asian Art (US) and will return to India in 2028 under a long-term loan arrangement. • Nataraja represents Lord Shiva as the “Cosmic Dancer”, symbolising creation, preservation and destruction in Shaivism. • Chola bronze sculptures are famous for the lost-wax casting technique (cire perdue method).