🌼🪴Horticulture Digital Library🪴 🌼🗃🗂🗄📖

🍇🍃 Biotic & Abiotic stress on grapevine – 👉 How many did you recognize? Grapevine leaves can reveal a lot about plant health. Below are common biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) causes behind these symptoms. 🔍 From left to right, top to bottom: 1️⃣ Phylloxera – insect causing galls on leaves 2️⃣ Leafhopper – feeding damage → stippling/chlorosis 3️⃣ Downy mildew (upper surface) – oil spots 4️⃣ Magnesium deficiency – interveinal chlorosis 5️⃣ Downy mildew (lower surface) – white sporulation 6️⃣ Thrips damage – silvering & distortion 7️⃣ Sulphur phytotoxicity – chemical burn symptoms 8️⃣ Eutypa dieback – necrosis & irregular leaf growth 9️⃣ Esca – tiger stripe symptoms (wood disease) 🔟Cercospora (lower surface) – sporulation 1️⃣1️⃣ Gall wasp – tissue deformation 1️⃣2️⃣ Phomopsis – leaf spots & lesions 1️⃣3️⃣ Anthracnose – dark sunken lesions 1️⃣4️⃣ Powdery mildew – white mycelium 1️⃣5️⃣ Cercospora (upper surface) – necrotic spotting 1️⃣6️⃣ Magnesium deficiency (advanced) – severe chlorosis & necrosis ⸻ ⚠️ Biotic factors: fungi, insects, pathogens ⚠️ Abiotic factors: nutrient deficiencies & chemical stress ⸻ 📌 Correct diagnosis is the key to effective management

Major Insects Orders in The Crop Ecosystems