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Important Questions on Gouty Arthritis for Medical Exams Study with dev 1. What is gout? A type of inflammatory arthritis caused by uric acid crystal deposition. 2. What is the underlying cause of gout? Hyperuricemia. 3. What is the most common joint affected in gout? First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint (Podagra). 4. Which type of crystals are seen in gout? Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. 5. What is the shape of urate crystals under polarized light microscopy? Needle-shaped. 6. What are the major risk factors for gout? Alcohol, red meat, seafood, obesity, renal disease. 8. Which enzyme deficiency is associated with secondary gout? Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) deficiency (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome). 9. What is the classic clinical presentation of an acute gout attack? Sudden onset of severe joint pain, swelling, and erythema. 10. Which medications can precipitate gout? Diuretics (thiazides, loop) 11. What is the best initial test for diagnosing gout? Joint aspiration and synovial fluid analysis. 12. What is the serum uric acid level during an acute gout attack? Can be normal or elevated. 13. What is the characteristic finding of gout on X-ray? Punched-out erosions with overhanging edges (rat-bite lesions). 14. What is the gold standard for diagnosing gout? Polarized light microscopy of synovial fluid showing urate crystals. Study with dev 15. What is the first-line treatment for an acute gout attack? NSAIDs (e.g., indomethacin). 16. Which medication is used if NSAIDs are contraindicated in acute gout? Colchicine. 17. Which drug class is used for gout prophylaxis? Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., allopurinol, febuxostat). 18. What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol? Inhibits xanthine oxidase to reduce uric acid production. 19. Which drug is used for chronic gout in patients intolerant to allopurinol? Febuxostat. 20. Which drug increases uric acid excretion in urine? Probenecid. 21. What is the main contraindication for using probenecid? Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones). 22. Which condition mimics gout but has calcium pyrophosphate crystals? Pseudogout (Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease). 23. What lifestyle modifications help prevent gout attacks? Weight loss, low-purine diet, avoiding alcohol, and increased hydration. 24. Which metabolic syndrome component is strongly associated with gout? Insulin resistance. 25. What is the term for chronic gouty deposits in soft tissues? Tophi. Study with dev 26. What are common sites of tophi formation? Ears, fingers, elbows, Achilles tendon. 27.Which renal complication is associated with chronic gout? Uric acid nephropathy and nephrolithiasis. 28. What is the characteristic urine finding in gout patients? Uric acid crystals. 29. What is the preferred treatment for acute gout in patients with renal failure? Corticosteroids. 30. What is the role of losartan in gout management? Lowers uric acid levels by increasing renal excretion 31. Which medication should be avoided during an acute gout attack? Allopurinol (can worsen acute symptoms). 32. What is the most common trigger for a gout attack? Dietary excess (red meat, alcohol, seafood). 33. What is the mechanism by which alcohol precipitates gout? Increases uric acid production and decreases excretion. 34. Which vitamin supplement can help lower uric acid levels? Vitamin C. 35. What is the first-line urate-lowering therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease? Febuxostat Study with dev

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