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| 2 | 4. Higher-education institutions receive only a relatively modest share of India's R&D expenditure.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 3 and 4 only
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
---
4. Why does the article distinguish between increasing the amount of R&D expenditure and improving the quality of R&D funding?
A. Because higher expenditure automatically reduces private-sector participation.
B. Because merely increasing expenditure may not produce technological breakthroughs unless funds reach basic research, universities, emerging technologies and commercially translatable projects.
C. Because government expenditure is not included in GERD.
D. Because R&D intensity is unrelated to GDP.
---
5. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a necessary reform for India's R&D ecosystem?
A. Increasing government R&D expenditure
B. Strengthening university and independent research
C. Encouraging industry to undertake high-risk research
D. Replacing long-horizon national missions with fragmented short-term grants
---
6. The proposed model of linking research funding with advance market commitments would primarily seek to:
A. Eliminate the need for private investment in research.
B. Reduce commercial uncertainty by assuring potential demand for technologies that satisfy predetermined performance criteria.
C. Transfer all intellectual-property rights from firms to the government.
D. Restrict government procurement to foreign-developed technologies.
---
7. Which inference can most logically be drawn from the article's discussion of China?
A. High R&D intensity necessarily guarantees faster GDP growth in every economy.
B. R&D investment becomes relevant only after an economy has already reached high-income status.
C. Early and sustained R&D investment can become a reinforcing component of economic and technological growth.
D. China's economic growth was primarily driven by government research institutions rather than industry.
---
8. Consider the following pairs:
Institution/Mechanism Role
1. ANRF Support the research ecosystem and early-stage research
2. RDI Fund Provide catalytic support for high-risk and strategic research
3. Advance market commitments Reduce commercial risk for successful technological innovations
4. Higher-education institutions Receive the overwhelming majority of India's R&D expenditure
Which pair(s) is/are incorrectly matched?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 4 only
C. 3 and 4 only
D. 4 only
---
9. According to the article, which of the following correctly describes the comparison between India and China?
A. In 2007, China's R&D intensity was approximately equal to India's present level.
B. In 2007, China's R&D intensity was nearly twice India's present level, despite its per-capita GDP being close to India's current level.
C. China's private-sector R&D declined between 2007 and 2024 while its GDP expanded substantially.
D. India's R&D intensity had already exceeded China's by 2007.
---
10. Which of the following best represents the implicit policy dilemma highlighted by the article?
A. Whether India should increase R&D expenditure or abandon private-sector participation.
B. Whether India should prioritise basic research or completely eliminate commercial research.
C. How to increase R&D spending while simultaneously improving allocation, strengthening research institutions, reducing private-sector risk and converting research into commercially viable technologies.
D. How to reduce India's dependence on trade agreements while maintaining technological competitiveness. | 140 |
| 3 | India's private sector must be encouraged to undertake greater technological risk. The policy environment, however, does not always provide sufficient incentives. The weighted deduction for R&D expenditure was rolled back in 2016, tax treatment of R&D inputs remains challenging, and intellectual-property ownership for research conducted with public funds lacks sufficient clarity.
One possible solution is to link research-linked incentives with advance market commitments. The government could commit to procuring products that successfully meet predetermined technological and performance milestones. Such a mechanism would reduce the commercial uncertainty faced by firms investing in high-risk research.
India is also becoming more integrated with global markets. New trade agreements and declining tariff barriers will expose Indian companies to greater international competition. This could create pressure for firms to innovate rather than depend on protection from foreign competition. At the same time, access to larger global markets could provide successful Indian technologies with opportunities to scale.
Some Indian companies already demonstrate what is possible. Glenmark sustained more than $1 billion of R&D investment over a decade, contributing to products such as an antibody treatment for advanced blood cancers. Skyroot Aerospace developed rocket-propulsion technology from scratch, and its Vikram-1 became the first privately developed Indian rocket to reach orbit. These examples demonstrate that Indian private industry can develop globally relevant technologies when scientific capability, patient capital and market incentives come together.
The broader challenge, therefore, is not simply how much India spends on R&D, but how effectively that spending is converted into knowledge, intellectual property, technology, products and globally competitive companies.
India has reached an important R&D inflection point. But crossing the technological frontier will require sustained public investment, substantially greater private participation, stronger universities, better industry–academia linkages, long-term research missions and a policy framework that rewards calculated technological risk.
The experience of other successful economies suggests that R&D investment must begin before a country reaches the technological frontier—not after. India's opportunity now is to ensure that the current rise in R&D spending becomes a sustained engine of productivity, innovation and high-income growth.
---
SSC CGL MAINS / BANK PO — HIGH-LEVEL MCQs
1. Which of the following best captures the central argument of the article?
A. India's R&D expenditure has increased sufficiently and government funding can now be reduced.
B. India's rising R&D expenditure, particularly the growing role of private industry, marks progress, but achieving the technological frontier requires substantially higher and better-targeted investment.
C. India's technological progress has primarily resulted from reducing tariff barriers and signing trade agreements.
D. India's universities are already the principal drivers of national R&D and require no major structural change.
---
2. The comparison with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China is primarily intended to establish that:
A. Middle-income economies can become high-income economies only through government-funded research.
B. Natural-resource-rich economies generally outperform technology-intensive economies.
C. Sustained investment in R&D during the middle-income phase can contribute to a country's transition towards the technological frontier.
D. India's present R&D intensity is broadly comparable with that of other successful Asian economies.
---
3. Consider the following statements:
1. India's R&D intensity reached 0.84% of GDP in 2023–24.
2. The private sector accounted for more than half of India's total R&D expenditure in 2023–24.
3. India aims to raise R&D expenditure to 2% of GDP by 2035. | 111 |
| 4 | INDIA’S R&D INFLECTION MOMENT
India may be entering an important turning point in research and development (R&D). According to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India’s gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) reached 0.84% of GDP in 2023–24, an all-time high. R&D intensity had remained largely stuck between 0.6% and 0.7% of GDP for nearly a decade. An equally important development is the changing role of the private sector: its share of India’s total R&D expenditure rose from 32% in 2020–21 to 45% in 2023–24.
This shift is significant because India's technological ambitions cannot be achieved through government research alone. Countries that successfully moved from middle-income to high-income status—such as Japan, South Korea and Taiwan—invested heavily in R&D when their incomes were around the level India occupies today. The experience of China is particularly instructive. In 2007, when China's per-capita GDP was around $2,700, its R&D intensity was already 1.49% of GDP, nearly twice India's present level. Between 2007 and 2024, China's GDP grew about 5.5 times, while its private-sector R&D expenditure increased more than tenfold.
The lesson is clear: R&D intensity is not simply a consequence of reaching the technological frontier; it is one of the means of reaching it. Economies that invest early and consistently in research, technology and human capital are better positioned to move beyond the middle-income stage.
India's Viksit Bharat ambition therefore places R&D at a crucial juncture. The country aims to raise R&D expenditure to 2% of GDP by 2035, with industry expected to contribute around 70% of that spending. An important intermediate milestone is to reach 1.3% of GDP by 2030, with the corporate share rising to at least 60%.
The government has already begun building institutions to support this transition. The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) and the Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) Fund are intended to absorb some of the risks associated with early-stage research and provide catalytic capital that can encourage private investment. These initiatives are a useful beginning, but they need to be accompanied by deeper structural reforms.
1. Spend More
Government R&D expenditure needs to rise substantially—to at least 0.5% of GDP by 2030 and 0.6% by 2035, compared with roughly 0.4% currently.
The objective should not be merely to increase expenditure in absolute terms. Government spending must help create the scientific foundation upon which private-sector innovation can build.
2. Fund the Right Things
Three agencies—the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Department of Space (DOS) and Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)—account for more than 60% of central scientific spending. Their contribution to strategic research is vital, but India's research ecosystem cannot depend overwhelmingly on a few government laboratories.
Higher-education institutions receive only about 12.6% of India's R&D expenditure. Greater funding therefore needs to reach universities, independent researchers, start-ups and firms, particularly in areas capable of generating breakthrough technologies.
India should also move towards fewer, larger and longer-horizon technology missions, rather than fragmented short-term grants. At the same time, basic research must not be neglected because it creates the knowledge base from which future technological breakthroughs emerge.
A stronger translational layer is also required to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale discoveries and market-ready products. India needs stronger links between universities, laboratories, entrepreneurs and industry so that scientific discoveries can move efficiently from research papers to intellectual property, prototypes and commercially viable products.
3. Create Conditions for Industry to Take Risks | 106 |
| 5 | https://youtube.com/live/IVu4NEmoNcY | 118 |
| 6 | https://youtube.com/live/3TrSqNIvoSc | 163 |
| 7 | 50 Inversion
Error Spotting Questions
1. Never before the world had witnessed such rapid development in technology.
2. Rarely the government does take such bold steps without opposition.
3. Hardly had the teacher entered the class when the students stood up.
4. No sooner the match started than it began to rain heavily.
5. Little the villagers did realize that a storm was approaching.
6. Seldom politicians admit their mistakes so openly.
7. Only after the fire was controlled the residents were allowed to enter.
8. Under no circumstances the officers should leave their post unattended.
9. Away from the battlefield the frightened soldiers ran away.
10. So powerful was the speech that the audience applauded for several minutes.
11. Had he studied seriously, he would scored higher marks.
12. Were I you, I will not take such a risky decision.
13. Should the government fails, the economy will suffer badly.
14. Not only the committee rejected the proposal but also criticized it severely.
15. On the hill a small temple is standing since centuries.
16. Down the road rolled the cart, scattering all the fruits it was carrying.
17. Only after he apologized the teacher forgave him.
18. Never had I saw such a breathtaking view in my entire life.
19. No sooner had the exam begun the students were caught cheating.
20. At the corner of the street was standing a policeman.
21. Rarely he speaks in public though he is a great orator.
22. Nowhere you will find such a unique culture.
23. Not until the speech finished the audience clapped.
24. Hardly did he finished the work when he was given another task.
25. Here comes the players running onto the field.
26. Neither the manager did accept the plan nor the board approved it.
27. Only then the students realized their mistake.
28. So beautiful the scenery was that everyone started clicking photographs.
29. Were she present, she would had solved the issue.
30. Out of the silence a voice was coming from the darkness.
31. Never again the country will tolerate such humiliation.
32. Hardly had the bell rang when the class dispersed.
33. Not only is she hardworking but also she is punctual.
34. Scarcely the storm had passed when the villagers came out.
35. Here comes the teacher with his notes.
36. Only by working hard success can be achieved.
37. Down fell the statue when the earthquake occurred.
38. Rarely do he pay attention to the instructions carefully.
39. Had the warning been given, many lives would save.
40. No sooner did the lights went out than the generator started.
41. Little did he knew about the consequences of his actions.
42. At the top of the tower stands a flag.
43. Not until the play ended the audience left the hall.
44. Away went the thieves without leaving a trace.
45. Only after repeated requests the teacher agreed to help.
46. Were they honest, people will trust them more.
47. So deeply he was moved by the incident that he broke into tears.
48. Here comes the opportunity which you were waiting since years.
49. Never in my life I had experienced such kindness.
50. Should you needed any help, you may contact me anytime. | 195 |
| 8 | https://youtube.com/live/0rtvKPIvnlA | 224 |
| 9 | https://youtube.com/live/ZFQwHd_VchI | 345 |
| 10 | Questions tags
1. Juhi is from Mumbai, ____?
2. We are late for the movies, ___?
3. Sam isn’t a good boy, ____?
4. I was wrong about this, ___?
5. Andrew was present at the school yesterday, ____?
6. You have done your homework, _?
7. Please stop talking, ___?
8. I am afraid Tim is very sick, ____?
9. Sheena won’t mind if I use her book, ____?
10. The girl is playing the piano, ____?
11. Patrick will come to the seminar tonight, ____?
12. Rita never acts so rudely, ____?
13. Sam isn’t a student, _?
14. It is very humid today, ____?
15. Laura is beautiful, _?
16. Let’s go surfing, ____?
17. The children are sleeping, ____?
18. The pan is hot, ___?
19. Amy doesn’t like solving maths problems, _?
20. You are from West Bengal, ____?
21. I like eating chocolate pastries, ____?
22. You have completed your assignment, ____?
23. You don’t live here, ____?
24. The children are playing in the garden, ____?
25. We often go out for dinner on weekends, _? | 346 |
| 11 | 📘 Tag Question Practice (Set)
1. She is your best friend, ____?
2. They have finished the work, ____?
3. He doesn’t understand the problem, ____?
4. We can trust him, ____?
5. You were absent yesterday, ____?
6. She isn’t coming to the party, ____?
7. They will help us, ____?
8. He has never visited Delhi, ____?
9. We should start now, ____?
10. You don’t like coffee, ____?
11. She can solve this question, ____?
12. They aren’t ready yet, ____?
13. He was late again, ____?
14. We have met before, ____?
15. You will join us, ____?
16. She doesn’t eat junk food, ____?
17. They were watching TV, ____?
18. He has completed his task, ____?
19. We aren’t wrong, ____?
20. You must finish this today, ____?
21. She is working hard, ____?
22. They don’t agree with us, ____?
23. He will call you later, ____?
24. We were invited, ____?
25. You have seen this movie, ____?
26. She can’t drive, ____?
27. They are playing outside, ____?
28. He doesn’t believe you, ____?
29. We should inform them, ____?
30. You were happy with the result, ____?
31. She has already left, ____?
32. They won’t come today, ____?
33. He is learning English, ____?
34. We aren’t going there, ____?
35. You can help me, ____?
36. She didn’t attend the meeting, ____?
37. They have a car, ____?
38. He is your brother, ____?
39. We will win the match, ____?
40. You aren’t busy right now, ____?
41. She likes dancing, ____?
42. They didn’t understand the rule, ____?
43. He has a new phone, ____?
44. We are going to Delhi, ____?
45. You don’t trust him, ____?
46. She was crying, ____?
47. They are your neighbours, ____?
48. He can speak French, ____?
49. We haven’t met them, ____?
50. You will help me, ____? | 311 |
| 12 | vocab 7 cgl 2026 - ows.pdf | 1 |
| 13 | https://youtube.com/live/fx7waovV7fo | 350 |
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| 15 |  Нет текста... | 704 |
| 16 | Word of the Day:
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious👇👇👇
https://www.instagram.com/reel/DbBPwH_TCEE/?igsh=aHN3bGp6bjhhem8x | 682 |
| 17 | Best Vocab Channel on entire Instagram:
Get daily words like:
Quisquous
BORBORYGMUS
Ultracrepidarian
Snollygoster
Quomodocunquize
https://www.instagram.com/english.vocab001?igsh=MTVuaml0aHloc3IxNw== | 515 |
| 18 |  Нет текста... | 485 |
| 19 |  Нет текста... | 512 |
| 20 |  Нет текста... | 517 |
