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UPSC GEOGRAPHY
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This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc No copyright material allowed. Queries - @Upscgeographybot
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Канал UPSC GEOGRAPHY (@upsc_geography_notes_optional) языкового сегмента Английский является активным участником. Сейчас сообщество объединяет 66 628 подписчиков, занимая 2 457 место в категории Образование и 4 976 место в регионе Индия.
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С момента создания невідомо проект демонстрирует стремительный рост, собрав аудиторию из 66 628 подписчиков.
Согласно последним данным от 06 июля, 2026, канал показывает стабильную активность. За последние 30 дней изменение числа участников составило -1 140, а за последние 24 часа — -52, при этом общий охват остаётся высоким.
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Автор описывает ресурс как площадку для выражения субъективного мнения:
“This channel provides notes from different major books like D.R. khullar, G.C leong etc
No copyright material allowed.
Queries - @Upscgeographybot”
Благодаря высокой частоте обновлений (последние данные получены 07 июля, 2026) канал поддерживает актуальность и высокий уровень охвата публикаций. Аналитика показывает, что аудитория активно взаимодействует с контентом, что делает его важной точкой влияния в категории Образование.
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□ Abrasion or corrasion
◇ Involves the removal of loosened materials of the rocks of valley walls and valley floors with the help of erosional tools (boulders, pebbles, cobbles, etc.). The erosional tools or river loads move down the channel gradient along with water and thus strike against the rocks which come in contact with them. Thus, abrasion is the mechanism of breakdown of rocks occasioned by erosional tools carried by the rivers.
□ Attrition
is the mechanical tear and wear of the erosional tools in themselves. The boulders, cobbles, pebbles etc. while moving with water collide against each other and thus are fragmented into smaller and finer pieces in the transit.
□ Hydraulic action
involves the breakdown of the rocks of valley sides due to the impact of water currents of channel. In fact, hydraulic action is the mechanical loosening and removal of materials of rocks by water alone.
▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
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■ TYPES OF FLUVIAL EROSION
#Geomorphology #Landforms
◇ The erosional work of the rivers is performed in two ways viz. (i) through chemical erosion and (ii) through mechanical erosion.
◇ Chemical erosion involves corrosion or solution and carbonation while mechanical erosion comprises corrasion or abrasion, hydraulic action and attrition.
◇ Fluvial erosion is also divided into (i) vertical erosion or downcutting (which leads to valley deepening) and lateral erosion (which causes valley widening).
□ Solution or corrosion
Involves the dissolution of soluble materials through the processes of disintegration and decomposition of carbonate rocks. The soluble materials are removed from the parent rocks and are mixed with the running water of the stream.
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■ RUNNING WATER (RIVER) AND FLUVIAL LANDFORMS
#Physiography #Landforms
◇ The landforms either carved out (due to erosion) or built up (due to deposition) by running water are called fluvial landforms (both erosional and depositional) and the running waters which shape them are called fluvial process which include overland flow (surface runoff) and stream flow.
◇ Streams are generally divided into four broad categories viz. perennial or permanent streams, non-permanent or seasonal streams, intermittent streams and ephemeral streams.
◇ The geological works of fluvial processes or rivers are called three-phase work comprising erosion, transportation and deposition.
◇ The fluvial landforms are divided into two major groups.- 1. erosional landforms and 2. depositional landforms.
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Repost from UPSC GEOGRAPHY
■ FRESHWATER LAKES
#Lakes
◇ Freshwater lakes are characterized by very low amount of salt in the water and high rate of influx (inflow) and outflow of water.
◇ Freshwater lakes receive water from direct rainfall, surface runoff and water springs in humid regions and from melt-water in glaciated regions. The inflow of water in the lakes is of high order, so several streams and nalas emerge from these lakes, and thus salt contents are also drained out with outflowing streams.
◇ Baikal lake is the largest fresh water and deepest lake of the world as it contains 20 percent of total 23 billion tonnes of freshwater of the world.
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□ Floral Effects
◇ It may be pointed out that vegetation is partly a factor of weathering and partly a protector of rocks. In fact, vegetations bind the rocks through their network of roots and thus protect them from weathering and erosion but the same time the penetration of roots weakens the rocks by breaking them into several blocks.
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■ CONTROLLING FACTORS OF WEATHERING
#Weathering
□ Composition and Structure of Rocks
◇ Weathering involves disintegration and decomposition of rocks and hence mineral composition, joint patterns, layering system, faulting, folding etc. largely affect the nature and intensity of weathering.
◇ Example, carbonate rocks (e.g. calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate etc.) having more soluble minerals are easily affected by chemical weathering.
□ Nature of Ground Slope
◇ Rocks in the regions of steep hillslope are easily disintegrated due to mechanical weathering and the weathering materials are instantaneously moved down the hillslope in the form of rockfall, debris fall and slide, talus creep etc
□ Climatic Variations
◇ Rocks in dry temperate climates are more susceptible to mechanical weathering than chemical weathering because alternate expansion and contraction of cracks, fractures and joints of rocks due to alternate freeze and thaw of water accumulated in these cracks and fractures weaken the rocks.
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■ SALINE LAKES
#Physiography #Lakes
◇ The lakes having relatively larger proportion of salt content say salinity are called salt lakes or saline lakes.
◇ Generally, salt lakes are found in semi-arid and arid regions of warm climate where the rate of evaporation is very high. On the basis of variations of types and contents of salt, saline lakes are divided into four types e.g.
• Alkali lakes - having the dominance of salts of sodium and potassium carbonates.
• Bitter lakes - contain salts of sodium sulphate,
• Borax lakes - having high proportion of borax and
• Mixed lakes - having mixture of different salts.
▪︎JOIN - @upsc_geography_notes
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