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🔆 Gallantry & Service Awards for Armed Forces, CAPFs and CBI 📍 Why in News? ✅ President Droupadi Murmu announced 78 gallantry awards for personnel of the Armed Forces and Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) on the eve of Independence Day. 📍 Gallantry Awards ✅ 9 Kirti Chakras — 7 posthumous ✅ 1 Bar to Shaurya Chakra ✅ 19 Shaurya Chakras — 1 posthumous ✅ 5 Bars to Sena Medals (Gallantry) ✅ 36 Sena Medals (Gallantry) — 5 posthumous ✅ 3 Nao Sena Medals (Gallantry) ✅ 5 Vayu Sena Medals (Gallantry) 📍 Armed Forces ✅ The President also approved 89 Mention-in-Dispatches — 75 Army, 4 Navy and 10 Air Force personnel. 📍 CAPF & Police Personnel ✅ 1,057 police personnel across the country will receive gallantry and service medals. ✅ 141 police officials from Chhattisgarh received gallantry medals. ✅ 35 Bastar Fighter Constables were also awarded gallantry medals. ✅ CRPF received the highest number among CAPFs — 86 gallantry and service medals. ✅ BSF received 20 gallantry medals and 47 service medals. ✅ 28 CISF personnel were awarded police medals. 📍 CBI Personnel ✅ 21 CBI personnel will receive service medals — President’s Medal for Distinguished Service (PSM) and Medal for Meritorious Service (MSM). 📍 Significance ✅ The awards recognise exceptional courage, gallantry and distinguished service rendered by personnel in the line of duty. 🔆 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION 📍 Gallantry and service awards play an important role in recognising courage and dedication among India’s security personnel. Discuss their significance in strengthening morale and institutional commitment in the security forces. (10 Marks · 150 Words) #UPSC #CurrentAffairs

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🔆 India’s First Branded Train – ‘Sprite’ Tejas Express ✅ IRCTC’s Lucknow–Delhi–Lucknow Tejas Express will run as ‘Sprite’ Tejas Express for 6 months through train-branding rights. ✅ It is India’s first train to be named after a brand. ✅ The train is operated by IRCTC, while it pays Indian Railways hauling charges for using railway infrastructure. ✅ Features include AC coaches, onboard food & beverages, infotainment and group booking facilities. #CurrentAffairs

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🔆 THE DIRAC MEDAL 2026 📍 Why in News? ✅ Indian theoretical physicist Prof. Deepak Dhar received the 2026 ICTP Dirac Medal. ✅ He shared the award with Bernard Derrida, Marc Mézard and Haim Sompolinsky. ✅ The award recognises pioneering contributions to statistical mechanics and complex physical systems. 📍 About the Dirac Medal ✅ Established → 1985. ✅ Awarded by → International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy. ✅ Named after → Paul A. M. Dirac, British theoretical physicist. ✅ Recognises outstanding contributions to theoretical physics. ✅ Nobel, Fields or Wolf Prize laureates are not eligible at the time of award. 📍 Prof. Deepak Dhar — Contribution ✅ Developed the mathematical foundation of the Abelian Sandpile Model. ✅ Demonstrated self-organised criticality arising from simple local interactions. ✅ Established the Abelian property → the final state remains predictable irrespective of the sequence of avalanches. ✅ His work helps model complex non-equilibrium systems. 📍 Indian Milestone ✅ Second Indian to receive the ICTP Dirac Medal. ✅ First → Ashoke Sen (2012). ✅ Dhar received the Padma Bhushan (2023) and Boltzmann Medal (2022). 🔆 Prelims Facts ✅ Dirac Medal → ICTP ✅ Established → 1985 ✅ Headquarters → Trieste, Italy ✅ ICTP founded → 1964 ✅ Abelian Sandpile Model → Deepak Dhar ✅ First Indian Dirac Medallist → Ashoke Sen #CurrentAffairs #ScienceAndTechnology

🔆 THE MOON BASE PROGRAMME 📍 Context ✅ During the 9th India–US Civil Space Joint Working Group (CSJWG) meeting, NASA invited ISRO to join its Moon Base programme. ✅ The initiative builds on the growing India–US space partnership under the Artemis Accords. 📍 What is the Moon Base Programme? ✅ A NASA-led initiative to establish humanity’s first permanent lunar outpost near the Moon’s South Pole. ✅ Aim → Establish a sustained human presence, utilise water-ice resources, conduct scientific research and develop technologies for future Mars missions. 📍 Phased Rollout ✅ Phase 1 (2026–29) → Robotic reconnaissance, reliable surface access and technology testing. ✅ Phase 2 (2029–32) → Power, logistics, communication infrastructure and lunar terrain vehicles. ✅ Phase 3 (2032+) → Permanently crewed and expandable lunar outpost. 📍 Key Features ✅ South Pole → Near-continuous sunlight on elevated ridges + water-ice deposits in permanently shadowed craters. ✅ ISRU → Use lunar regolith and water ice to produce oxygen, drinking water and rocket propellant. ✅ Commercial participation → Companies such as Astrobotic, Blue Origin, Firefly Aerospace and Intuitive Machines. ✅ Modular infrastructure → Habitats, logistics landers, power grids and pressurised rovers. ✅ Scientific cooperation → Open scientific data architecture under the Artemis Accords. 📍 Major Challenges ✅ Extreme temperatures → About −203°C in permanently shadowed craters. ✅ Low-angle sunlight & long shadows → Complicate solar power generation and navigation. ✅ Lunar dust → Abrasive, electrostatically charged regolith damages seals, sensors and mechanical systems. ✅ Rugged terrain → Crater slopes and boulder fields complicate landing, construction and rover movement. 🔆 Prelims Facts ✅ Lead Agency → NASA ✅ Indian Agency → ISRO ✅ Location → Lunar South Pole ✅ Key Resource → Water ice ✅ Technology Concept → In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) ✅ International Framework → Artemis Accords #GS3 #prelims #science_technology #science_and_technology Join https://t.me/PIB_UPSC https://t.me/upsc_science_and_technology

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🔆 CURRENT AFFAIRS – 07 AUGUST 2026 🔆 HISTORY, ART & CULTURE 📍 Hero Stone Solves Hoysala Dynasty Mystery ✅ A newly discovered Hero Stone inscription at Neeragunda, Karnataka has resolved the long-standing debate over Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana’s death ✅ Commissioned by Maravve in memory of her husband Boppa, who died shortly after the king ✅ Inscription dates Vishnuvardhana’s death to 11 December 1141 CE ✅ Confirms he died at Bankapura ✅ The Hoysala Dynasty ruled much of present-day Karnataka from the 10th to 14th centuries 🔆 POLITY & GOVERNANCE 📍 ANUGYAN Programme Launched ✅ ANUGYAN (Nuclear Technology Orientation Programme) launched jointly by IIT Hyderabad and Crimson Energy Experts ✅ India’s first industry-academia programme for the civil nuclear energy sector ✅ Three-month residential programme for engineers and professionals ✅ Aims to help increase India’s nuclear power capacity from 8.8 GWe to 100 GWe by 2047 ✅ Open to engineering graduates, PSU officials, EPC contractors and industry professionals 🔆 INTERNATIONAL 📍 10th BRICS Industry Ministers’ Meeting ✅ Held in Jaipur, Rajasthan under India’s BRICS Chairship ✅ Theme: “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability” ✅ Adopted a Joint Declaration ✅ Key outcomes include cooperation on MSMEs, Start-ups, Photovoltaic Industry and Logistics ✅ Finalised the SME Working Group Framework and Innovation Action Plan 📍 ‘Seafarer-First’ Initiative ✅ Launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways ✅ Aims to protect Indian merchant navy personnel in conflict-prone West Asian waters ✅ Covers the Strait of Hormuz, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman ✅ Prioritises the safety and welfare of Indian seafarers irrespective of vessel nationality 🔆 ENVIRONMENT 📍 Mission Clouded Leopard ✅ Meghalaya launched Mission Clouded Leopard ✅ Dedicated conservation programme for the Mainland Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) ✅ The Clouded Leopard is the State Animal of Meghalaya ✅ Focuses on habitat protection, landscape connectivity, anti-poaching measures and community participation 📍 FAO Peat-Emit Report 2026 ✅ Released by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ✅ Provides updated methods to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands and organic soils ✅ Peatlands occupy only 3–4% of Earth’s land but store about 30% of global soil organic carbon ✅ Highlights increasing emissions from degraded and drained peatlands ✅ Identifies major data gaps in Africa and Latin America 🔆 DEFENCE 📍 Agni-4 Ballistic Missile Successfully Test-Fired ✅ India successfully tested the Agni-4 Medium-Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM) ✅ Conducted from Integrated Test Range, Chandipur (Odisha) ✅ Strike range of up to 4,000 km ✅ Two-stage solid-fuel missile ✅ Capable of carrying nuclear and conventional warheads ✅ Equipped with an advanced re-entry heat shield capable of withstanding temperatures above 3,000°C 🔆 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 📍 mFlusiva – World’s First mRNA Seasonal Influenza Vaccine ✅ US FDA approved mFlusiva (mRNA-1010) ✅ Developed by Moderna ✅ World’s first mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccine ✅ Approved for adults aged 50 years and above ✅ Can be developed in about 6 weeks, compared to nearly 6 months for conventional egg-based vaccines 📍 ‘Ghost Particles’ Aid Nuclear Monitoring ✅ Scientists from France’s Double Chooz Collaboration precisely measured antineutrino (“ghost particle”) emissions from spent nuclear fuel ✅ Enables remote monitoring of nuclear fuel and detection of illicit plutonium extraction ✅ Antineutrinos pass through matter almost unaffected ✅ Even after reactor shutdown, radioactive decay continues to emit measurable antineutrinos 🔆 IMPORTANT DAYS 📍 ‘India Day’ Declared in Massachusetts ✅ Massachusetts Governor Maura Healey and Boston Mayor Michelle Wu declared 15 August as “India Day” ✅ Marks India’s 79th Independence Day ✅ Recognises the contributions of the Indian-American community ✅ India has the world’s largest diaspora with over 3.6 crore people of Indian origin living abroad ✅ More than 50 lakh people of Indian origin reside in the United States #CurrentAffairs