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💥Summary of developmental stages in human: 🌟 After one month of pregnancy, the embryo's heart is formed. 🌟 By the end of the second month of pregnancy the foetus develops limbs and digits. 🌟 By the end of 12 weeks (First trimester), most of the major organ system use formed. 🌟 The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on the head are usually observed during the fifth month. 🌟 By the end of 24 weeks (Second trimester), the body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids separate and eye lashes are formed. 🌟 By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery. ✅ मानव में विकास के चरणों का सारांश : 🔹गर्भावस्था के एक महीने के बाद भ्रूण का हृदय बनता है। 🔹गर्भावस्था के दूसरे महीने के अंत तक भ्रूण में अंग और अंक विकसित हो जाते हैं। 🔹12 सप्ताह (पहली तिमाही) के अंत तक, अधिकांश प्रमुख अंग प्रणाली का गठन हो जाता हैं। 🔹भ्रूण की पहली हलचल और सिर पर बालों की उपस्थिति आमतौर पर पांचवें महीने के दौरान देखी जाती है। 🔹24 सप्ताह (दूसरी तिमाही) के अंत तक, शरीर अच्छे बालों से ढक जाता है, आंखों की पलकें अलग हो जाती हैं और पलकें बन जाती हैं। 🔹 गर्भावस्था के नौ महीने के अंत तक, भ्रूण पूरी तरह से विकसित हो जाता है और प्रसव के लिए तैयार हो जाता है।

𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔𝗕𝗦𝗢𝗥𝗣𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗨𝗠 𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦

#Carbon_Nitrogen (C:N)_Ratio ✅Humas - 10 : 1 ✅Normal Soil - 10.1 - 12.1 ✅Legumes - 20.1 - 30.1 ✅Cereals - 90 : 1 ✅FYM - 20-30 : 1 ✅Sawdust - 400 : 1 ( highest ) ✅Microorganism - 4 : 1 - 9 : 1( Lowest)

🔰Blood Group🔰 ✍️Introduction ➖Based on the presence and absence of antibodies, the blood is classified into different groups. ➖Further, while classification, the presence and absence of the inherited antigenic substances also considered. ➖The types of blood groups are inherited and represent contributions from both the father and the mother. ✍️ABO Blood Group System ➖In human blood, usually, there are two antigens and antibodies. ➖The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. ➖The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B. ➖The antigens are remaining in the red blood cells, whereas the antibodies are found in the serum. ➖Based on the antigen property, the blood group of all human beings can be classified as − ➭ Blood Group A − antigen A and antibody B ➭ Blood Group B − antigen B and antibody A ➭ Blood Group AB − antigen A and antigen B and no antibody ➭ Blood Group O − no antigen, but antigen A as well as antibody B ➖Consideration of the ABO system is the most imperative while transfusion of human blood. ➖The ABO blood group systems were first discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. ✍️Rh Blood Group System ➖The Rh system (the meaning of Rh is Rhesus) is another significant blood-group system. It is very important to match Rh system while blood transfusion. ➖Rh antigen first studied in Rhesus monkeys; therefore, its name is given Rh factor/system. ➖The person who does not have Rh antigen is known as Rh negative (Rh-ve) and the person who has the Rh antigen is known as Rh positive (Rh+ve).

🛡Sexual Reproduction♻️ ➖The sexual mode of reproduction comprises the process of combining DNA from two different individuals. ➖There are two germ-cells (responsible for producing a new organism); one is large and contains the food-stores whereas the other one is smaller and likely to be motile. ➖The motile germ-cell, normally, is known as the ‘male gamete’ and the germ-cell containing the stored food is known as the ‘female gamete.’ 🔰Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants ➖As shown in the image given below, flowers have different parts, such as sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Among these, stamens and carpels are the reproductive parts and contain the germ-cells. ➖Stamen is the male reproductive part, which produces pollen grains (yellowish substance). ➖Carpel, which is present in the center of a flower, is the female reproductive part. ➖Carpel is made of three parts. ➖The bottom part, which is swollen, is the ovary; the middle part, which is elongated, is known as the style; and the terminal part, which may be sticky, is known as the stigma. ➖The ovary contains ovules and each ovule has an egg cell. ➖The male germ-cell that produced by the pollen grain fuses with the female gamete present in the ovule. ➖The fusion of the germ-cells or fertilization produces zygote, which is capable of growing into a new plant. ➖The flower, which contains either stamens or carpels, is known as unisexual, such as papaya, watermelon, etc. ➖The flower, which contains both stamens and carpels, is known as bisexual, such as Hibiscus, mustard, etc. ✅Reproduction in Human Beings✅ Human beings have typical sexual reproduction process where mature male and female mate to produce a new baby. ✍️Male Reproductive System ➖The male reproductive system produces the germ-cells; further, other part of the reproductive system delivers the produced germ-cells to the site of fertilization. ➖The formation of sperms or germ-cells takes place in the testes. ➖The formation of sperm typically requires a lower temperature than the normal body temperature. ➖The testes secrete hormone, namely testosterone that brings changes in the appearance of boys at the time of their puberty. ➖The formed sperms are then delivered through the vas deferens, which unites with a tube coming from the urinary bladder. ➖The urethra, likewise, acts as a common passage for both the sperms and urine. ➖The sperms are fluids that consist of mainly genetic material; it has a long tail that helps to move towards the female germ-cell. ✍️Female Reproductive System ➖The female germ-cells or eggs are produced in the ovaries. ➖The egg is transported from the ovary to the womb through a thin oviduct known as fallopian tube. ➖The two oviducts unite and form an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus, which opens into the vagina through the cervix. ➖During the sexual intercourse, most likely, the egg and the sperm (zygote) get fertilized and implanted in the lining of the uterus. ➖The thickened lining (of the uterus) and richly supplied blood nourish the growing embryo (in the uterus). ➖The embryo receives nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue known as placenta. ➖Likewise, the development of a child inside the mother’s body, takes about nine months.

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🔷Notes on Friction🔷 ➖Friction is result of the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact of each other. ➖The force of friction is dependent on the irregularities of the surface; if it is greater, then the friction will be greater and if it is smooth, then the friction will be lesser. ➖Effectively, the friction is result of the interlocking of irregularities in the two surfaces. ➖If the two surfaces in contact are pressed harder, then the force of friction will increase. ➖On a frictionless surface, if an object starts moving, it would not stop ever; Without friction, it is not possible to construct a building. ➖Friction produces heat; when a matchstick is rubbed against the rough surface, it catches fire. Substances Reducing Friction ➖The substances that reduce friction are known as lubricants. E.g. when oil, grease, or graphite is applied between the moving part of a machine, then it creates a thin layer; resultantly, moving surfaces do not directly rub against each other that ultimately reduces friction. ➖When a body rolls over the surface of another body, the resistance to its motion is known as the rolling friction. The rolling reduces the force of friction. ➖The frictional force exerted by fluids is known as drag. ➖The frictional force, on an object in a fluid, is dependent on its speed with respect to the fluid. ➖The frictional force depends on the shape of the respective object and also on the nature of the fluid. ➖Fluid friction is minimized by giving suitable shapes to the bodies moving in fluids.

✅Application of Electromagnetism in Physics (including the Faraday’s Law) Faraday’s Law is a fundamental law of electromagnetism. This law has widespread applications in various fields including industries, electrical machines etc. some of the major ones are listed below: 🧿 Electrical Transformers This is a static device which is used for increasing or decreasing thhe voltage or current. It has its applications in generating station, transmission and distribution system. The transformer works on Faraday's law. 🧿 Electrical Generators The basic working principle of electrical generator is Faraday's law of mutual induction .Electric generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. 🧿 Induction Cookers The Induction cooker also works on principle of mutual induction. When current flows through the coil of copper wire placed below a cooking container, it produces a changing magnetic field. This alternating or changing magnetic field induces an emf and hence the current in the conductive container. 🧿 Electromagnetic Flow Meters It is used to measure velocity of blood and certain fluids. When a magnetic field is applied to electrically insulating pipe in which conducting fluids are flowing then according to Faraday's law an electromotive force is induced in it. This induced emf is proportional to velocity of fluid flowing. 🧿 Musical Instruments It is also used in musical instruments like electric guitar, electric violin etc.

✅ बल और गति के नियम ✍️परिचय ➖यदि हम किसी वस्तु पर बल लगाते हैं, तो वह अपनी स्थिति या/और आकार भी बदल सकती है। ➖गैलीलियो गैलीली और आइजैक न्यूटन ने गति और लागू बल को समझने के लिए एक अलग दृष्टिकोण की व्याख्या की। ✍️गति का पहला नियम ➖गैलीलियो के अनुसार जब कोई वस्तु उन पर कोई बल कार्य नहीं करती है तो वह स्थिर गति से चलती है। ➖न्यूटन के गति के प्रथम नियम के अनुसार, "कोई वस्तु स्थिर अवस्था में या एकसमान गति की अवस्था में एक सीधी रेखा में तब तक रहती है जब तक कि उसे लागू बल द्वारा उस अवस्था को बदलने के लिए बाध्य नहीं किया जाता है।" ➖समान वेग से गति में होने पर बिना रुके वस्तुओं के विराम में रहने या गतिमान रहने की प्रवृत्ति को जड़त्व कहा जाता है। ➖न्यूटन का गति का पहला नियम जड़त्व के नियम के रूप में भी लोकप्रिय है। ➖मात्रात्मक रूप से, किसी वस्तु की जड़ता को उसके द्रव्यमान से मापा जाता है, क्योंकि भारी या बड़ी वस्तुओं में अधिक जड़ता होती है और हल्की या छोटी वस्तुओं में जड़त्व कम होता है। ✍️गति का दूसरा नियम ➖गति का दूसरा नियम कहता है कि "किसी वस्तु के संवेग में परिवर्तन की दर बल की दिशा में लगाए गए असंतुलित बल के समानुपाती होती है।" ➖किसी वस्तु के "p" के रूप में निरूपित संवेग को उसके द्रव्यमान के गुणनफल के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है जिसे "m" और वेग को "v" के रूप में दर्शाया जाता है। ➖इसी प्रकार, संवेग m = द्रव्यमान m × वेग v ➖मोमेंटम में दिशा और परिमाण दोनों होते हैं। ➖संवेग की SI इकाई को किलोग्राम-मीटर प्रति सेकंड (kg m s-1) के रूप में दर्शाया जाता है। गति का दूसरा नियम बल को मापने की एक विधि को दर्शाता है, जो किसी वस्तु पर उसके द्रव्यमान और त्वरण के गुणनफल के रूप में कार्य कर रहा है। ✍️गति का तीसरा नियम ➖गति का तीसरा नियम कहता है कि - "हर क्रिया की बराबर और विपरीत प्रतिक्रिया होती है।" ➖यह याद रखना महत्वपूर्ण है कि क्रिया और प्रतिक्रिया हमेशा दो अलग-अलग वस्तुओं पर कार्य करती है। ➖यह याद रखना महत्वपूर्ण है कि क्रिया और प्रतिक्रिया बल हमेशा परिमाण में समान होते हैं, लेकिन ये बल समान परिमाण के त्वरण उत्पन्न नहीं कर सकते क्योंकि प्रत्येक बल एक अलग वस्तु पर कार्य करता है, जिसका द्रव्यमान भिन्न हो सकता है। ✍️संवेग का संरक्षण ➖संवेग का संरक्षण बताता है कि किसी दिए गए क्षेत्र में संवेग की मात्रा स्थिर रहती है। ➖संवेग न तो उत्पन्न होता है और न ही नष्ट होता है; हालाँकि, इसे न्यूटन के गति के नियमों द्वारा वर्णित बलों की कार्रवाई के माध्यम से बदला जा सकता है। ➖किसी वस्तु के द्रव्यमान को वस्तु के वेग से गुणा करने पर उसे संवेग कहते हैं।

🔷Notes on Friction🔷 ➖Friction is result of the irregularities on the two surfaces in contact of each other. ➖The force of friction is dependent on the irregularities of the surface; if it is greater, then the friction will be greater and if it is smooth, then the friction will be lesser. ➖Effectively, the friction is result of the interlocking of irregularities in the two surfaces. ➖If the two surfaces in contact are pressed harder, then the force of friction will increase. ➖On a frictionless surface, if an object starts moving, it would not stop ever; Without friction, it is not possible to construct a building. ➖Friction produces heat; when a matchstick is rubbed against the rough surface, it catches fire. Substances Reducing Friction ➖The substances that reduce friction are known as lubricants. E.g. when oil, grease, or graphite is applied between the moving part of a machine, then it creates a thin layer; resultantly, moving surfaces do not directly rub against each other that ultimately reduces friction. ➖When a body rolls over the surface of another body, the resistance to its motion is known as the rolling friction. The rolling reduces the force of friction. ➖The frictional force exerted by fluids is known as drag. ➖The frictional force, on an object in a fluid, is dependent on its speed with respect to the fluid. ➖The frictional force depends on the shape of the respective object and also on the nature of the fluid. ➖Fluid friction is minimized by giving suitable shapes to the bodies moving in fluids.

♻️ Important Scientific Laws and Theories ♻️ ============================== 🔹 Ohm's Law - It states that the current passing through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points provided the physical state and temperature etc. of the conductor does not change. 🔹 Pauli exclusion principle - It explains that no two electrons in the same atom or molecule can have the same set of quantum numbers. 🔹 Raman effect - It is the change in wavelength that occurs when light is scattered by the atoms or molecules in a transparent medium. 🔹 Tyndall effect - The scattering of light by very small particles suspended in a gas or liquid. 🔹 Boyles's Law - It states that temperature remaining constant, volume of a given mass of a gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas. Thus, PV = K (constant), where, P = Pressure and V = Volume. 🔹 Charles's Law - It states that pressure remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273 part of its volume at 0 degree celsius for each degree celsius rise or fall of its temperature. 🔹 Coulomb's Law - It states that force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. 🔹 Heisenberg principle (uncertainty principle) - It is impossible to determine with accuracy both the position and the momentum of a particle such as electron simultaneously. 🔹 Archimede's principle - It states that a body when wholly or partially immersed in a liquid, experiences an upward thrust which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it. Thus, the body appears to lose a part of its weight. This loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body. 🔹 Aufbau principle - It states that in an unexcited atom, electrons reside in the lowest energy orbitals available to them. 🔹 Avogadro's Law - It states that equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. 🔹 Brownian motion - It is a zigzag, irregular motion exhibited by small solid particles when suspended in a liquid or gas due to irregular bombardment by the liquid or gas molecules. 🔹 Bernoulli's principle - It states that as the speed of a moving fluid, liquid or gas, increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. The aerodynamic lift on the wing of an aeroplane is also explained in part by this principle. 🔹 Gay-Lussac’s Law of combining volumes - Gases react together in volumes which bear simple whole number ratios to one another and also to the volumes of the products, if gaseous — all the volumes being measured under similar conditions of temperature and pressure. 🔹 Graham’s Law of Diffusion - It states that the rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities under similar conditions of temperature and pressure. 🔹 Kepler's Law - Each planet revolves round the Sun in an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one focus. The straight line joining the Sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals. The squares of the orbital periods of planets are proportional to the cubes of their mean distance from the Sun. 🔹 Law of Floatation - For a body to float, the following conditions must be fulfilled: The weight of the body should be equal to the weight of the water displaced and the centre of gravity of the body and that of the liquid displaced should be in the same straight line. 🔹 Law of conservation of energy - It states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. Since energy cannot be created or destroyed, the amount of energy present in the universe is always remain constant. 🔹 Newton's First Law of Motion - An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion, with the same direction and speed in a straight line unless acted upon by some external force.