jayantparikshit

Dear Kids Wish you all a Very Happy New Year. May God bless you with great health, happiness & a super successful career in bureaucracy. May you keep growing & shining ✨💐❤️

SEBI Investor Survey 2025: It is one of the largest household surveys on investor participation in India, conducted in association with AMFI, NSE, BSE, NSDL, and CDSL, and executed by Kantar. Covering over 90,000 households across 400 cities and 1,000 villages, it captures insights from investors, non-investors,and intermediaries. Top participants in equity market: 1️⃣ Delhi – 20.7% 2️⃣ Goa – 15.5% 3️⃣ Gujarat – 15.4% 4️⃣ Maharashtra – 11.6% 5️⃣ Tamil Nadu – 9.8% Important Findings: 1. Market awareness and penetration: The survey reveals that 63% of Indian households, about 213 million, are aware of at least one securities market product. However, only 9.5%, or roughly 32 million households, actually participate in the markets. Urban households show a higher penetration rate at 15%, while rural participation lags at just 6%. Delhi recorded the highest participation at 20.7%, followed by Gujarat at 15.4%. 2. Risk tolerance: Nearly 80% of Indian households fall into the low-risk tolerance category, 14.7% are in the moderate-risk bracket, and only 5.6% display high risk tolerance. 3. Investor knowledge: Among participating investors, only 36% demonstrated moderate or high levels of knowledge about securities markets, while the remaining 64% had limited understanding of products and associated risks. This indicates that a large portion of investors operate with minimal awareness, underscoring the importance of financial education initiatives. 4. Key reasons for barriers to investment: About 74% respondents cited complexity and lack of knowledge as major hurdles. Around 73% mention concerns related to risk and return, particularly the fear of losses, while 51% point to trust and transparency issues, including doubts about financial institutions and regulatory systems.

Grey Market: *Involves the unofficial trading of securities. Example: Suppose some shares are sold by company before they are officially listed on a stock exchange. *Trades are based on mutual trust and settled informally, often through market makers/dealers.

Toll-Operate-Transfer (ToT): India launched ToT model in 2016 to monetise operational roads. • Under the TOT model, private entities are granted a long-term concession (usually 20-30 years) to operate, manage, and collect tolls on Indian Highways. • In return, the concessionaire provides a one-time, lump-sum payment to the NHAI. • The funds generated from this asset monetization are then used by the government to finance future highway development and maintenance. Contribution of ToT Model: 1. 71% of Government’s monetisation target between 2021-2024 was met through ToT. 2. NHAI monetised around Rs 50,000 cr worth of highways under ToT so far. However, Government has decided to discontinue ToT model due to multiple reasons: 1. Most ToT contracts are won by foreign firms. Domestic players are unable to compete. 2. Foreign players collect huge toll and Government receives less amount in the form of upfront payment.

Youtube live link: https://www.youtube.com/live/mFCnKUHQwsw?si=6DJZn2OtrPp0ONCC

WEAPONISATION OF TRADE China is considered to be a dominant supply chain player globally. In the recent months (June-July 2025), China has restricted/halted some crucial shipments to India, viz earth elements, fertiliser inputs and Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM), thereby asserting its dominance in coercive ways. 1. Speciality Fertilisers: They are also called as “enhanced-efficiency” or “value added” fertilisers. They are used for specific applications for unique soil or plant conditions. For example we use them for fruits and vegetables in India. India imports about 80% of its supplies of these chemicals from China. Currently, China is using various procedures to block its exports without imposing an express ban. Such steps are also referred to as “Non-Tariff Barrier (NTB)” in parlance of Trade. 2. Rare Earth Magnets: Rare earth minerals, or rare earth metals, are a group of 17 elements essential to modern technology. From the manufacturing of electric vehicles (EVs) and wind turbines to smartphones and missile guidance systems like Akash and Astra, these metals are indispensable. They are found in concentrated deposits across the world, making global supply chains vulnerable to disruption and geopolitical tensions. China produces 90% of the world’s rare earth magnets. Recently, China has halted or severely delayed critical exports to India, including rare earth magnets. This is slowing down India’s ambitions in high-tech manufacturing, a key pillar of the ‘Make in India’ and Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) initiatives. 3. Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs): China has blocked export of TBM supposed to be used in the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor. It is a critical flagship infrastructure project co-funded by Japan. In response, India has already begun to diversify. Russia has emerged as the largest supplier of fertilisers to India, overtaking China. For rare earths, India is deepening ties with Australia, the US and Japan. Domestically, Production-Linked Incentive schemes are being ramped up to encourage local manufacturing of critical components. With the third-largest rare earth reserves in the world, estimated at 6.9 million tonnes (esp found in coastal sands of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal). India has the potential to reduce its dependency on Chinese imports. However, to truly leverage it, India must ramp up domestic extraction, build refining capacity, and invest in the entire value chain, from mining to magnet-making, which remains underdeveloped.