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SSB LECTURETTE Topics 2021: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcS4eOE46bBw6HzH8Fk7YNpJuNrvvBPly

■ National Monetization Plan : • Recently, the government of India has launched the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP). • The NMP estimates aggregate monetisation potential of Rs 6 lakh crores through core assets of the Central Government, over a four-year period, from FY 2022 to FY 2025. • Roads, railways and power sector assets will comprise over 66% of the total estimated value of the assets to be monetised. • It aims to unlock value in brownfield projects by engaging the private sector, transferring to them revenue rights and not ownership in the projects, and using the funds generated for infrastructure creation across the country. • It helps to enable ‘Infrastructure Creation through Monetisation’ wherein the public and private sector collaborate, each excelling in their core areas of competence, so as to deliver socio-economic growth. • Currently, only assets of central government line ministries and Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) in infrastructure sectors have been included. • The government has stressed that these are brownfield assets, which have been “de-risked” from execution risks, and therefore should encourage private investment. • The NMP will run co-terminus with the Rs 100 lakh crore National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) announced in December 2019. • NIP will enable a forward outlook on infrastructure projects which will create jobs, improve ease of living, and provide equitable access to infrastructure for all, thereby making growth more inclusive. NIP includes economic and social infrastructure projects. □ Monetisation : • In a monetisation transaction, the government is basically transferring revenue rights to private parties for a specified transaction period in return for upfront money, a revenue share, and commitment of investments in the assets. • Real Estate Investment Trusts (Reits) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (Invits), for instance, are the key structures used to monetise assets in the roads and power sectors. □ Greenfield Vs Brownfield Investment : ● Greenfield Project – It refers to investment in a manufacturing, office, or other physical company related structure or group of structures in an area where no previous facilities exist. ● Brownfield investment – The projects which are modified or upgraded are called brownfield projects. • The term is used for purchasing or leasing existing production facilities to launch a new production activity.

📰 News : Assam’s Deepar Beel Wildlife Sanctuary breathes easy after eco-sensitive zone notification. • The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change notified the eco-sensitive zone of the Deepar Beel Wildlife Sanctuary on the south-western edge of Guwahati. □ What is Eco sensitive zone? • Eco-Sensitive Zones or Ecologically Fragile Areas are areas within 10 kms around Protected Areas, National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. • ESZs are notified by The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India under Environment Protection Act 1986. • The basic aim is to regulate certain activities around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries so as to minimise the negative impacts of such activities on the fragile ecosystem encompassing the protected areas. • An ESZ could go up to 10 kilometres around a protected area as provided in the Wildlife Conservation Strategy, 2002. □ About Deepar Beel : • Deepar Beel is located to the south-west of Guwahati city, in Kamrup district of Assam, India. • Deepar Beel is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Assam. • Deepar Beel is the State’s only Ramsar site and an Important Bird Area. • Considered as one of the largest beels in the Brahmaputra valley of Lower Assam, it is categorised as a representative of the wetland type under the Burma monsoon forest biogeographic region.

■ MALABAR REBELLION (Moplah Rebellion), 1921 : • The Moplah Rebellion, also known as the Moplah Riots of 1921 was the culmination of a series of riots by Mappila Muslims of Kerala in the 19th and early 20th centuries against the British and the Hindu landlords in Malabar (Northern Kerala). • It was an armed revolt. It was led by Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji. □ Background of Moplah rebellion : • Muslims had arrived in Kerala in the 7th century AD as traders via the Arabian Sea even before north India was invaded by Muslim armies from the west. • They were given permission to carry on trade and settle by the native rulers. Many of them married local women and their descendants came to be called Moplahs (which means son-in-law in Malayalam). • Before Tipu Sultan’s attack on Malabar, in the traditional land system in Malabar, the Jenmi or the landlord held the land which was let out to others for farming. • The Moplahs were mostly cultivators of the land under this system and the Jenmis were upper-caste Hindus. • During Hyder Ali’s invasion of Malabar in the 18th century, many Hindu landlords fled Malabar to neighbouring areas to avoid persecution and forced conversions. • During this time, the Moplah tenants were accorded ownership rights to the lands. • After the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799 in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, Malabar came under British authority as part of the Madras Presidency. • The British set out to restore ownership rights to the Jenmis who had earlier fled the region. • Jenmis were now given absolute ownership rights of the land which was not the case previously. • The peasants were now facing high rents and a lack of security of tenure. • This caused a series of riots by the Moplahs starting from 1836. Between 1836 and 1896, they killed many government officers and Hindu landlords. □ The Revolt and Reasons : • After the death of Tipu Sultan, British took the control. The British introduced new tenancy laws that tremendously favoured the landlords known as Janmis and instituted a far more exploitative system for peasants than before. • The new laws deprived the peasants of all guaranteed rights to the land, share in the produce they earlier got and in effect rendered them landless. • The trigger of the uprising came from the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by the Congress in 1920 along with the Khilafat movement. • The anti-British sentiment fuelled by these agitations affected the Muslim Mapillahs. • Fuelled by the fiery speeches by Muslim religious leaders and anti-british sentiments, the Mopillahs launched a violent rebellion. Numerous acts of violence were reported and a series of persecutions were committed both against the British and the Hindu landlords. • The prominent leaders of the rebellion were Ali Musaliyar and Variyankunnath Kunjahammed Haji. • By the end of 1921, the rebellion was crushed by the British who had raised a special battalion, the Malabar Special Force for the riot. □ Wagon Tragedy : • In November 1921, 67 Moplah prisoners were killed when they were being transported in a closed freight wagon from Tirur to the Central Prison in Podanur. They died of suffocation. This event is called the Wagon Tragedy.

■ Nuclear Fission Vs Nuclear Fusion : • There are two types of nuclear reactions called nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. • Nuclear fission and fusion involve the disintegration and combination of the elemental nucleus. □ Nuclear Fission : • Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of an atom is bombarded with low energy neutrons which split the nucleus into smaller nuclei. • An abundant amount of energy is released in this process. • Fission reactions do not occur in nature naturally. • Nuclear fission reactions are used in nuclear power reactors since it is easy to control and produces large amounts of energy. • Little energy is needed to split an atom in a fission reaction. • Example, when uranium-235 atoms bombard with neutrons, the heavy nucleus of the uranium splits and produces krypton-94 and barium-139 with the emission of three neutrons. • Atomic bomb works on the principle of nuclear fission. □ Nuclear Fusion : • Nuclear Fusion is a reaction that occurs when two atoms combine together to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles like protons and neutrons. • An enormous amount of energy is released in this process, much greater than the energy released during the nuclear fission reaction. • Fusion reactions occur in stars and the sun. • High energy is needed to bring fuse two or more atoms together in a fusion reaction. • Example : Deuterium and Tritium combine in a huge pressure atmosphere with extremely high temperatures to produce an output in the form of a neutron and an isotope of Helium. • Hydrogen bomb works on the principle of a nuclear fusion bomb.