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Black carbon (BC) : • Black carbon, or soot, is part of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) and contributes to climate change. • It is formed both naturally and by human activities as a result of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass. • It is the second largest contributor to climate change after CO2. • BC particles strongly absorb sunlight and give soot its black color. • Black carbon is a short-lived climate pollutant with a lifetime of only days to weeks after release in the atmosphere. During this short period of time, black carbon can have significant direct and indirect impacts on the climate, the cryosphere (snow and ice), agriculture and human health. • Black carbon has a warming impact on climate that is 460-1,500 times stronger than CO2. • When suspended in the atmosphere, black carbon contributes to warming by converting incoming solar radiation to heat. It also influences cloud formation and impacts regional circulation and rainfall patterns. • It is a short-lived pollutant so it can be quickly washed out and eliminated from the atmosphere if emissions stop.

📰 News : Strong policies on Black Carbon can sharply cut glacier melt : World Bank study.

📰 News : Significant progress in SDGs on clean energy, health : NITI index. • Kerala topped the list with a score of 75. • Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam were the worst performing states. • Among Union territories, Chandigarh topped the list with a score of 79. • The NITI Aayog launched its index in 2018 to monitor the country's progress on the goals through data-driven assessment and to foster a competitive spirit among the states and Union Territories in achieving them.

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Species in news: Litoria Mira Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III – Environment; Biodiversity In news A species of frog lives in the rainforests of New Guinea that appears to be made from chocolate. The cocoa-coloured frogs have turned out to be a new species. It is called Litoria Mira. It is an undescribed member of the Australian Litoria genus of tree frogs. Litoria mira can be distinguished from all other Litoria by its unique combination of moderately large size, webbing on hand, short limbs, and small violet patch of skin on the edge of its eyes. The island of New Guinea is separated from the ‘horn’ of Queensland by the Torres Strait. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

Initiatives launched to provide major fillip to the SATAT initiative Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III – Economy In news Union Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas launched a number of initiatives to provide major fillip to the SATAT initiative in a virtual ceremony. Important value additions Aim of SATAT scheme: To set up Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) production plants and make CBG available in the market for use as a green fuel. ‘SATAT’ aims to target production of 15 MMT of CBG from 5000 plants by 2023. It has the potential to boost availability of affordable transport fuels, better use of agricultural residue, cattle dung and municipal solid waste. It will also provide an investment of 1.75 lakh crore, an additional revenue source to farmers, and 75,000 direct job opportunities and lakhs of indirect jobs. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

World Milk Day observed Part of: GS Prelims and GS -III – Economy In news A virtual program organised on the occasion of World Milk Day was chaired by Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. 1st June is observed as World Milk Day every year. Key takeaways On the occasion, the launch of Gopal Ratna Awards were announced. E-Gopala App will be integrated with UMANG platform and users of Umang platform will get access to App. e-GOPALA app (Generation of wealth through Productive Livestock) is a comprehensive breed improvement marketplace and information portal for direct use of farmers. Important value additions Milk sector in India India is the world’s largest milk producer and accounts for over one-fifth of the global milk production. Other major producers: USA, China, Pakistan and Brazil. Value of output of milk is more than the value of output of wheat and paddy together 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

(6) Rupee vs dollar The exchange rate of the domestic currency with the US dollar is a robust metric to capture the relative strength of the economy. A US dollar was worth Rs 59 when the government took charge in 2014. Seven years later, it is closer to Rs 73. The relative weakness of the rupee reflects the reduced purchasing power of the Indian currency. What's the outlook on growth? The biggest engine for growth in India is the expenditure by common people in their private capacity. This "demand" for goods accounts for 55% of all GDP. The private consumption expenditure has fallen to levels last seen in 2016-17. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial https://youtu.be/0m98B9GEa0w

Explained: India’s GDP fall, in perspective India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted by 7.3% in 2020-21. Tap to read more about: National Income Determination, GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, Personal Income GDP contraction There are two ways to view this contraction: One is to look at this as an outlier after all, India, like most other countries, is facing a once-in-a-century pandemic and wish it away. The other way would be to look at this contraction in the context of what has been happening to the Indian economy since the regime change. Impact of the new regime Let's look at the most important ones. (1) Gross Domestic Product Contrary to perception advanced by the Union government, the GDP growth rate has been a point of growing weakness for the last 5 of these 7 years. The GDP growth rate steadily fell from over 8% in FY17 to about 4% in FY20, just before Covid-19 hit the country. The economy was already struggling with massive bad loans which were further deteriorated by demonetization and the GST regime. (2) GDP per capita Often, it helps to look at GDP per capita, which is total GDP divided by the total population, to better understand how well-placed an average person is in an economy. At a level of Rs 99,700, India's GDP per capita is now what it used to be in 2016-17 the year when the slide started. As a result, India has been losing out to other countries. A case in point is how even Bangladesh has overtaken India in per-capita-GDP terms. (3) Unemployment rate This is the metric on which India has possibly performed the worst. First came the news that India's unemployment rate, even according to the government's own surveys, was at a 45-year high in 2017-18 the year after demonetization and GST. Then in 2019 came the news that between 2012 and 2018, the total number of employed people fell by 9 million the first such instance of total employment declining in independent India's history. As against the norm of an unemployment rate of 2%-3%, India started routinely witnessing unemployment rates close to 6%-7% in the years leading up to Covid-19. The pandemic, of course, made matters considerably worse. What makes India's unemployment even more worrisome is the fact that this is happening even when the labor force participation rate which maps the proportion of people who even look for a job has been falling. (4) Inflation rate After staying close to the $110-a-barrel mark throughout 2011 to 2014, oil prices (India basket) fell rapidly to just $85 in 2015 and further to below (or around) $50 in 2017 and 2018. On the one hand, the sudden and sharp fall in oil prices allowed the government to completely tame the high retail inflation in the country, while on the other, it allowed the government to collect additional taxes on fuel. But since the last quarter of 2019, India has been facing persistently high retail inflation. Even the demand destruction due to lockdowns induced by Covid-19 in 2020 could not extinguish the inflationary surge. (5) Fiscal deficit The fiscal deficit is essentially a marker of the health of government finances and tracks the amount of money that a government has to borrow from the market to meet its expenses. Typically, there are two downsides of excessive borrowing: One, government borrowings reduce the investible funds available for the private businesses to borrow (this is called "crowding out the private sector"); this also drives up the price (that is, the interest rate) for such loans. Two, additional borrowings increase the overall debt that the government has to repay. Higher debt levels imply a higher proportion of government taxes going to pay back past loans. For the same reason, higher levels of debt also imply a higher level of taxes. On paper, India's fiscal deficit levels were just a tad more than the norms set, but, in reality, even before Covid-19, it was an open secret that the fiscal deficit was far more than what the government publicly stated.

China to allow couples for third child China will for the first time allow couples to have a third child in a further relaxation of family planning rules five years after a "two-child policy" largely failed to boost birth rates. Do you think that the One-Child Policy would be effective for population control in India? What was the One-Child Policy? China embarked upon its one-child policy in 1980 when the Communist Party was concerned that the country's growing population, which at the time was approaching one billion, would impede economic progress. The policy was implemented more effectively in urban areas. It was enforced through several means, including incentivizing families financially to have one child, making contraceptives widely available, and imposing sanctions against those who violated the policy. How well did the policy fare? Chinese authorities have long hailed the policy as a success, claiming that it helped the country avert severe food and water shortages by preventing up to 40 crore people from being born. However, the policy was also a source of discontent, as the state used brutal tactics such as forced abortions and sterilizations. It also met criticism and remained controversial for violating human rights, and for being unfair to poorer Chinese since the richer ones could afford to pay economic sanctions if they violated the policy. Additionally, China's rulers have been accused of enforcing reproductive limits as a tool for social control. The Uighur Muslim ethnic minority, for example, has been forced to have fewer children to restrict the growth of their population. Demographic changes due to the policy Due to the policy, while the birth rate fell, the sex ratio became skewed towards males. This happened because of a traditional preference for male children in the country, due to which abortion of female fetuses rose and so did the number of girls who were placed in orphanages or abandoned. Experts have also blamed the policy for making China's population age faster than other countries, impacting the country's growth potential. It is also suggested that because of the long-lingering impact of the policy, China would be unable to reap the full benefits of its economic growth and will need other ways to support it. Skeptics of the new move Experts say relaxing limits on reproductive rights alone cannot go a long way in averting an unwanted demographic shift. The main factors behind fewer children being born, they say, are rising costs of living, education, and supporting aging parents. The problem is made worse by the country's pervasive culture of long working hours. There has also been a cultural shift during the decades in which the one-child policy remained in force, with many couples believing that one child is enough, and some expressing no interest in having children. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

Israel and Palestine could take a leaf out of India’s book The article suggest the Indian model for peaceful coexistence as a possible solution to Israel-Palestine conflict. Brief history of the conflict Britain renounced its Mandate over Palestine in 1948. This paved the way for the United Nations to divide Palestine between the Jews and Arabs, giving them about 55% and 45% of the land, respectively. The Jews, meanwhile, had declared the establishment of the state of Israel for which they had been working for long. The Palestinians, who lacked the resources to conceive of a state, failed to form a state of their own in the land allotted to them. Instead, a coalition of Arab countries invaded the nascent state of Israel to nip it in the bud. Israel defeated the Arab armies. Israel also destroyed about 600 Palestinian villages and expelled about 80% of Arabs from its territory. In 1967, in the Six-Day War, Israel captured not just more Palestinian land but also Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and Syria's Golan Heights. During the Yom Kippur War of 1973, the Arabs came to realise that Israel is here to stay. Need for realisation on both the sides The Arab states failed to impress the realisation of permanency of Israel upon their Palestinian brethren, a sizeable number of whom remain committed to seeking a solution through counter-violence. Vicious cycle of violence is not going to end unless there is realism on both sides. The Hamas should know that Israel will not give up on holding on to land it has held for years. Israel should understand that total subjugation, expulsion or even decimation of Palestinians will not make it any safer. A solution based on the common humanity of all stakeholders, one that is not riven by racial and religious schisms, needs to be explored. Viability of Indian model The Indian model of democracy and secularism, which accommodates religious, ethnic, linguistic and other diversities, could be a viable model for the peaceful coexistence of formerly antagonistic groups. India evolved a unique model of accommodating the victors and the vanquished, without ever resorting to the latter's decimation. A modus vivendi has to evolve on the basis of hard realities, the first of which is that neither the Jews nor the Palestinians are going to vanish. If the two-state solution is nowhere in the offing, a single state after the Indian model, i.e., a secular, democratic and pluralistic state, may be the only feasible option. The Palestinian refugees have a right to return. That the altered demographics would impinge on the religio-racial character of Israel is not an argument which behoves a modern democratic state. It is true that a nation state belongs to the group which constituted itself into a nation. A nation is an imagined community. As imagination expands, the foundations of the nation become deeper. Consider the question "In the absence of two-state solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict, what lessons India could offer to the two parties for peaceful coexistence?" Conclusion Israel might not offer the right model of conflict resolution for India, but India presents a model of peaceful coexistence for Israel. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

[pib] National AI Portal INDIAai  The 'National AI Portal (https://indiaai.gov.in)', celebrated its first anniversary on May 28, 2021. National AI Portal INDIAai is the National AI Portal of India - a central hub for everything AI in India and beyond. A joint initiative of MeitY, NeGD and NASSCOM, the website aims to be the trusted content powerhouse in the backdrop of India's journey to global prominence in Artificial Intelligence. It serves as a central hub for AI related news, learning, articles, events and activities etc., in India and beyond. It has been set up to prepare the nation for an AI future. It is the single central knowledge hub on artificial intelligence and allied fields for aspiring entrepreneurs, students, professionals, academics, and everyone else. The portal focuses on creating and nurturing a unified AI ecosystem for driving excellence and leadership in India's AI journey, to foster economic growth and improve lives through it. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial

Currency swap between Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Bangladesh's central bank has approved a $200 million currency swap facility to Sri Lanka. Practice question for mains: Q. What are Currency Swaps? Discuss the efficacy of Currency Swap Agreements for liberalizing bilateral trade. What is a Currency Swap? In this context, a currency swap is effectively a loan that Bangladesh will give to Sri Lanka in dollars, with an agreement that the debt will be repaid with interest in Sri Lankan rupees. For Sri Lanka, this is cheaper than borrowing from the market, and a lifeline as is it struggles to maintain adequate forex reserves even as repayment of its external debts looms. The period of the currency swap will be specified in the agreement. A helping hand for SL Bangladesh Bank, the central bank, has in principle approved a $200 million currency swap agreement with Sri Lanka. Dhaka decided to extend the facility after a request by Sri Lankan PM Mahinda Rajapaksa to Bangladesh's PM Sheikh Hasina. It will help Colombo tide over its foreign exchange crisis, according to media reports from Bangladesh, quoting the bank's spokesman. Sri Lanka, staring at an external debt repayment schedule of $4.05 million this year, is in urgent need of foreign exchange. An unusual move Bangladesh has not been viewed so far as a provider of financial assistance to other countries. It has been among the most impoverished countries of the world, and still receives billions of dollars in financial aid. But over the last two decades, its economy has pulled itself up literally by the bootstraps, and in 2020, was the fastest growing in South Asia. Bangladesh's economy grew by 5.2 percent in 2020 and is expected to grow by 6.8 percent in 2021. The country has managed to pull millions out of poverty. Its per capita income just overtook India's. A break in monopoly This may be the first time that Bangladesh is extending a helping hand to another country, so this is a landmark of sorts. It is also the first time that Sri Lanka is borrowing from a SAARC country other than India. The presumption was that only India, as the regional group's largest economy, could do this. The Bangladesh-Sri Lanka arrangement shows that is no longer valid. Why didn't SL approach India? Last year, it requested for a $1 billion credit swap, and separately, a moratorium on debts that the country has to repay to India. But India-Sri Lanka relations have been tense over Colombo's decision to cancel a valued container terminal project at Colombo Port. India put off the decision, but Colombo no longer has the luxury of time. Is SL in a crisis? With the tourism industry destroyed since the 2019 Easter attacks, Sri Lanka had lost one of its top foreign exchange pullers even before the pandemic. The tea and garment industries have also been hit by the pandemic affecting exports. Remittances increased in 2020, but are not sufficient to pull Sri Lanka out of its crisis. The country is already deep in debt to China. According to media reports, Sri Lanka owes China up to $5 billion. What about the previous swap facility that India gave Sri Lanka? Last July, the RBI did extend a $400 million credit swap facility to Sri Lanka, which the Central Bank of Sri Lanka settled in February. The arrangement was not extended. RBI has a framework under which it can offer credit swap facilities to SAARC countries within an overall corpus of $2 billion. According to RBI, the SAARC currency swap facility came into operation in November 2012 with the aim of providing to smaller countries in the region. 🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁🍁 Join >> @dailynewscom Join >> @NitishPatelOfficial