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Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder in which the renal tubules become structurally abnormal, resulting in the growth of multiple cysts within the kidney. These cysts are non-functioning tubules filled with fluid pumped into them, which range in size from microscopic to enormous, crushing adjacent normal tubules and eventually rendering them non-functional as well. https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAERrDUk_Hcbc558Svg

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This image shows the portion of the stomach removed during a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, a bariatric surgery. Sleeve gastrectomy or vertical sleeve gastrectomy, is a surgical weight-loss procedure, typically performed laparoscopically, in which approximately 75 - 85% of the stomach is removed, along the greater curvature, which leaves a cylindrical, or "sleeve"-shaped stomach the size of a banana. Weight loss is affected not only through the reduction of the organ's size, but by the removal of the portion of it that produces ghrelin, the hormone that stimulates appetite. Patients can lose 50-70 percent of excess weight over the course of the two years that follow the surgery.

Comparison between normal liver, fatty liver and cirrhosis (from left to right) https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAERrDUk_Hcbc558Svg

Cirrhosis, also known as liver cirrhosis is the impaired liver function caused by the formation of scar tissue known as fibrosis, due to damage caused by liver disease. Damage causes tissue repair and subsequent formation of scar tissue, which over time can replace normal functioning tissue leading to the impaired liver function of cirrhosis. Typically, the disease develops slowly over months or years. Early symptoms may include tiredness, weakness, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and discomfort in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. As the disease worsens, symptoms may include itchiness, swelling in the lower legs, ascites, jaundice, bruising easily, and the development of spider-like blood vessels in the skin. The fluid build-up in the abdomen may become spontaneously infected. More serious complications include hepatic encephalopathy, bleeding from dilated veins in the esophagus, stomach or intestines, and liver cancer. https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAERrDUk_Hcbc558Svg

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This is a rare specimen of the circle of Willis seen with multiple plaques of atherosclerosis in its branches, leading to ischemic stroke. The circle of Willis is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures. The circle of Willis is a part of the cerebral circulation and is composed of the following arteries: ● Anterior cerebral artery (left and right) ● Anterior communicating artery ● Internal carotid artery (left and right) ● Posterior cerebral artery (left and right) ● Posterior communicating artery (left and right)

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Spinal cord cross section under the microscope, looks like a butterfly 😍