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📖 Exam:|-  Physics mid exam. 🏢 University:|- Wolkite. ⏳ Time:|- 2014. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 📚••𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐮𝐬,  @Keleme_2013                      @Keleme_2013

📖 Exam:|-  Physics mid exam. 🏢 University:|- Dilla. ⏳ Time:|- 2014. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 📚••𝐉𝐨𝐢𝐧 𝐮𝐬,  @Keleme_2013                      @Keleme_2013

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Psychology Mid Exam [A+ Tutorial Class] Read the following statements Carefully and Write True or False. 1. Sensory Adaptation lets you detect potentially important change in your environment while ignoring unchanging aspects of it. 2. A reinforcement is a stimulus that weakens the response or makes it less likely to occur. 3. The decay Theory holds that the Trace simply fades away with nothing left behid, due to passage of time. 4. Over learn is one of the ways to improve memory. 5. Retrieval occurs when information is brought to mind from storage. Choose the best Answer 6. Which of the following is not organizing principle of Perception? A. Proximity B. Continuation C. Law of Closure D. Convergence 7. Which of the following is correct about Retinal disparity? A. It is the degree of difference between the image of an object that are focused on thee single retina. B. It's one of the monocular cues C. The Closer the Object, the greater is the retinal disparity D. It is two dimensional perception 8. From the following, One is Not Correct About Learning? A. Learning is responsive to incentives B. Learning is Pervasive C. Learning is Multifaceted D. Learning is a Passive Process 9. A Stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called: A. Conditioned Stimulus B. Unconditioned Stimulus C. Neutral Stimulus D. Unconditioned Response 10._is the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning. A. Stimulus generalization B. Extinction C. Spontaneous recovery D. Stimulus Discrimination 11. If someone nags you all the time to stud, but stops nagging when you comply, your studying is likely to increase-because you will then avoid nagging. This implies A. Negative punishment B. Negative reinforcement C. Positive punishment D. Postive reinforcement 12. Which schedule of reinforcement is often used by Employers to increase productivity? A. Variable ratio schedule B. Fixed interval schedule C. Fixed ratio schedule D. Variable interval schedule 13. Short term memory is A. Active B. Rapid accessibility C. Limited capacity D. All Except B 14. Which of the following responses is not learned through operant conditioning? A. Shelly gets $50 after getting a 90 percent in her math class. B. A pigeon learns to peck a disc to get food pellets. C. A dog learns to turn in circles for a reward. D. A baby takes his fi rst steps. E. A horse jumps over a fence to avoid an electric shock 15. Which of the following statements best explains one major difference between short-term memory and long-term memory? A. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity while short-term memory is not. B. Long-term memory holds only episodic memories while short-term memory does not. C. Long-term memory varies a great deal from one person to another, while short-term memory does not. D. In terms of processing, long-term memory comes directly after sensory memory while short-term memory does not. E. Long-term memory depends on neural connections in the limbic system while short-term memory does not. Give the Correct Answer for the following 16. Write the factors that are important that are important for the effectiveness of Punishment 17. What are four conditions that are necessary before an individual can successfully model the behavior of someone else according to Bandura 18. What is a Serial Position effect 19. According to George Miller the stimated capacity of Short Term Memory is to be the magic number____ 20. Suppose a oneyear old child is playing with a toy near an electrical outlet. He sticks part of the toy into the outlet. He gets shocked, becomes frightened, and begins to cry. For several days after that experience, he shows fear when his mother gives him the toy and he refuses to play with it. What is a) UCS(Unconditioned stimulus)_ b) UCR(Unconditioned Response) _ c) CS(Conditioned Stimulus)___ d) CR(Conditioned Response)__ 📚 JOIN :@GTutorialclass JOIN :@GTutorialclas

1.3. Historical Background and Major Perspectives in Psychology Psychology is a relatively new field in the realm of the sciences, only about 125 years old. It began as a science of its own in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany, with the establishment of a psychology laboratory in the University of Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt. ስለዚህ Who is the Father of modern Pyschology? ቢባል መልሱ ግልፅ ነው:- Wundt. Once psychology begun to use the scientific method, it then went through successive developments in which different schools of thought(pyschology) were emerged. 💡Old(early) School of Pyschology 💡Modern School of Pyschology ➤Early School of Physchology ቆይ first School of Physchology ምን ማለት ነው? ለምሳሌ እናንተ "የሰው ባህሪ ከዉርስ የሚመጣ ነው።" ወይም "የሰው ባህሪ መሰረቱ የሚኖርበት Environment" ብላችሁ ልታስቡ ትችላላችሁ let's take subExample ሰው ሲናደደ ከወላጆቹ ወርሶ ነው ወይም ደግሞ ሌላ አይነት Thought ሲኖራችሁ፣ ያን ጊዜ School of physchology(thought) ይባላል። Simply it the system of thinking abt certain issue. There are five early School of Thought. 📌Structuralism 📌Functionalism 📌Gestalt Psychology 📌Behaviourism 📌psychoanalysis 1⃣Structuralism- It views Phsychology as a study of structure of mind. 🌹ይሄኛው የሳኮሎጂ ትምህርት ቤት ደግሞ ሳይኮሎጂን የሚያብራራው "ሳይኮሎጂን ስለ አይምሮ መዋቅር(Structure) ጥናት ነው።" ብሎ ነው 🌹የዚኛውን School of Psychology መስራችስ ማን ነበር? Titchner ይባላል የWundts ተማሪ ነበር። Wundts ደግሞ ማነው ረሳቹት😊 የዘመናዊው(Modern) pschology መስራች ነበር። 🌹እና Structuralism የሚያጠነጥነው እነዚህ አይምሮን የሚሰሩ(make up) ጥቃቅን Unitኦች ወይም Elementኦች ላይ ነው፣ እነዚህ ለMind መሠረት የሆኑት ነገሮች ምንድናቸው? ✧images ✧feelings ✧sensations ይባላሉ። Structuralistኦች እንደ ሚያምኑት ከሆነ አይምሮ የተመሠረተው ከእነዚህ👆 ሶስት ነገሮች ላይ ነው፤ ሳይኮሎጂም ስለ እነዚህ ነገሮች የሚያጠና ነው ብሎው ያምናሉ። እናንተም እመኑ ከፈለጋችሁ🤓 2⃣Functionalism እነዚህ ደግሞ Structuralism (ሳይኮሎጂ ስለ አይምሮ ብቻ ነው ማለት) ለሳይኮሎጂ በቂ ማብራርያ አይሆነውም፣ ብለው ሌላ አስተሳሰብ(School of Psychology) አመጡ። የነዚህ ሀሳብ ደግሞ ምን ይሆን?🤔 🌹Functionalist views psychology as a study of function of the mind. ሳይኮሎጂ ስለ አይምሮ የሚያጠና ብቻ ሳይሆን ስለ አይምሮ አሰራር(function) የሚያጠና ነው። 🌹የዚህ አስተሳሰብ መስራች ማን ነው? William James ይባላል( የመጀመርያውን የሳይኮሎጂ መፅሐፍ የፃፈው ሰውዬ) ይቺ የWilliamን ሀሳብ ግልፅ ታደርገዎለች👇 Unlike Wundt and Titchener, James focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world; how people work, play, and adapt to their surroundings, a viewpoint he called functionalism. 3⃣Gestalt Psychology መጀመርያ gestalt ቃሉ ራሱ ምንድነው? German(የጀርመን) word ነው፣ ትርጉሙ form, whole, configuration or pattern(አቋቋም ወይም ቅርፅ ተብሎ መተርጎም ይችላል። 🌹It views psychology as a study of the whole mind. ይሄ ደግሞ structuralismምም ሆነ Functionalism Psychologyን በደምብ አያብራራውም። ሳይኮሎጂ ሰለ አጠቃላይ ስለ አይምሮ የሚያጠና ነው ይላሉ። 🌹የዚህ አስተሳሰብ Founder የነበሩት Max Wertheimer እና ጓደኞቹ ነበሩ። ✅By the way Gestaltኦች በStructuralism ሀሳብ(አይምሮ የጥቃቃን ነገሮች Combination ነው) አይስማሙም።😊 እናንተስ? They held that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Means mind is greater than its parts (images, sensations, and feelings) አያቹ Gestalts ያሉት The Whole ነው Structuralists ደግም The sum ነው። 🖇ያም ሆነ ይህ ሶስቱም School of Psychology ትኩረት ያደረጉት የሰው አይምሮ፣ ውስጣዊውና የማይታየው ልምምድ ላይ ነበር። ደግሞ እኛ Psychologyን ስናጠና Sceintific ነው ብለን ዬለ 😊ስለዚህ ሳይንሳዊ በሆነ መንገድ ሳይኮሎጂን ለመረዳት ውጫዊና የሚታነው ባህሪ ያስፈልጋል። ለዚህ ሲባል ሌሎች ተጨማሪ አስተሳሰቦች ተፈጠሩ🙈 4⃣Behaviorism: 🌹behaviorists view psychology as a study of observable and measurable behaviors. ሳይኮሎጂ የሚታየው እና ልንገመግመው የምንችለው ባህሪ ነው፥ ምንም ከውስጣዊው አይምሮ ጋር የሚያገናኘው ነገር የለም🙄 አሉ። 🌹John B. Watson is the founder of behaviorism. እና ይሄ ሰውዬ የሚያምነው ባህሪን እንማረዋለን እንጂ ከወላጆቻቸን አንወርሰውም ብል ይላል። እነዚህ አራቱም School of Psychology በቂ አልነበሩም፣ ከዛ ሌላ አስተሳሰብ መጣ። 5⃣Psychoanalysis: 🌷 psychology studies about the components of the unconscious part of the human mind. 🌹Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is the founder of this school of thought. እና ይሄ ሰውዬ ዶክተር ስለነበር😋 አንዳንዱን ተማሚዎቹን ሲያይ የህመመቻው #ምንጭ የሚታወቅ አይደለም ማለትም፣ ተመርምሮም አይገኝም ደግሞም ታማሚዎቹም እራሳቸው አያውቁትም😔 🖇ይሄ ማለት የህመማቸው ምንጭ (cause) Non-Physical or Emotional ነው ማለት ነው። 🖇የዚህን አይነቱን illness (ህመመ) Sigmund..."hysteria" ብሎ ይጠራዋል። Modern schools of psychology እነዚህ ደግሞ ስድስት ናቸው👇 ➨psychodynamic, ➨behavioral ➨humanistic ➨cognitive ➨biological and ➨sociocult 📚 JOIN :@GTutorialclass

📚 CHAPTER TWO 📖 Basic concepts of logic. 📕 Evaluating Arguments. 📗 Strength and Cogency. 📚 Types of Inductive Argument. 🤗 በባለፈው ትምህርታችን Inductive argument ምን እንደሆነ አይተናል። 😎 ዛሬ ደግሞ የ Inductive argument አይነቶችን እናያለን። 🎯 There are two types of inductive argument: 📍1) Strong inductive argument or strong argument. 📍2) Weak inductive argument or weak argument. 😊 እስቲ ሁለቱንም እንማራቸው። 🌹 Strong argument 🌷 Strong argument - is a type of inductive argument such that the premises are assumed true, it is improbable for the conclusion to be false. 💐 Strong argument - the conclusion follows probably from the premises. 🤓 እስቲ ፅንሰ ሀሳቡን እንረዳ። ማስረጃዎቹ(premises) እውነት ሁነው ድምዳሜው(conclusion) ውሸት የመሆን ዕድሉ ዝቅተኛ ከሆነ argument ቱ strong argument ይባላል። 🥺 ታዲያ እዚጋ ማስረጃዎቹ እውነት ሁነው ማለት፡ 👉 ማስረጃዎቹ በነባራዊው አለም እውነትም ውሸትም ሊሆን ይችላሉ። እሱን እኛ አያገባንም። በ ነባራዊው አለም እውነትም ይሁኑ ውሸትም ይሁኑ ፡ እኛ ግን በአምሮኣችን እውነት ናቸው ብለን እናስባለን። ስለዚህ ማስረጃዎቹ እውነት ሆኑ🤗። 👉 ታዲያ ማስረጃዎቹ(premises) እውነት ሁነው conclusion ኑ ውሸት የመሆን ዕድሉ ዝቅተኛ ከሆነ strong inductive argument ይባላል። ምሳሌዎችን እንመልከት፡ 🔶Example 1 Most film actresses are beautiful. Rosa is a film actress. Therefore, Rosa is probably beautiful. 🥺 ተመልከቱ ይኸን ምሳሌ👆። Most film actresses are beautiful እና Rosa is a film actress የሚሉት premises ናቸው። ታዲያ እነዚህን premises እውነት ናቸው ብለን በአምሮኣችን እናስባለን፡ በነባራዊው አለም እውነት ወይም ውሸት ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ እኛ አያገባንም። ስለዚህ ማስረጃዎቹ እውነት ናቸው🙌። 👉አብዛሀኞቹ ሴት ፊልም ሰሪዎች ቆንጆ ከሆኑ፡ 👉 ሮዛ ፊልም ሰሪ ከሆነች፡ 👉ስለዚህ ሮዛ ቆንጆ የመሆን ዕድሏ ከፍተኛ ነው። 😎 ስለዚህ ሮዛ ቆንጆ ናት የሚለው conclusion ውሸት የመሆን ዕድሉ ዝቅተኛ ነው። ምክንያቱም ሮዛ ፊልም ሰሪ ናት። አብዛሀኞቹ ሴት ፊልም ሰሪዎች ደግሞ ቆንጆ ናቸው። ስለዚህ ሮዛ ቆንጆ የመሆን ዕድሏ ከፍተኛ ነው🤷‍♀። ስለዚህ example 1 strong inductive argument ወይም strong argument ነው። የ probability ጉዳይ ነው። 🔶 Example 2 All British leaders were despotic. Therefore, probably the next leader will be despotic. 😅 ተመልከቱ ይኸን ምሳሌ👆 All British leaders were despotic የሚለው premises ነው። 🤔በ ነባራዊው አለም ሁሉም የ እንግሊዝ መሪዎች አምባገነን፡ ጨቋኝ ነበሩ እንዴ❓ አይደሉም። 😁 አያችሁ ኣ ማስረጃው በነባራዊው አለም ውሸት ነው። እኛ ግን አያገባንም🙅‍♂🙅‍♀። እውነት ነው ብለን ነው በ አምሮኣችን assume የምናደርገው። ስለዚህ ማስረጃው እውነት ነው😎። 👉 ሁሉም የ እንግሊዝ መሪዎች አምባገነን ከነበሩ፡ 👉 ቀጣዩ የእንግሊዝ መሪም አምባገነን የመሆን ዕድሉ ከፍተኛ ነው። 🙌 ስለዚህ example 2 strong argument ነው። ነገር ግን እንደዚህ ቢሆን👇👇 Some British leaders were despotic. Therefore, probably the next leader will be despotic. 👆ተመልከቱ ይህን argument❗️ Strong አይደለም። 😉ልዩነቱ የገባችሁ ይመስለኛል። 🌹 Weak argument Weak argument - is a type of inductive such that the premises are assumed true, it is probable for the conclusion to be false. Weak argument - the conclusion doesn't follow probably from the premises. 🥺 እስቲ ፅንሰ ሀሳቡን ለመረዳት እንሞክር። ማስረጃዎቹ(premises) እውነት ሁነው ድምዳሜው(conclusion ኑ) ውሸት የመሆን ዕድል ካለው argument ቱ weak argument ይባላል። 😊 ታዲያ እዚጋ ማስረጃዎቹ እውነት ሁነው ማለት፡ 😳 ማስረጃዎቹ በነባራዊው አለም እውነትም ይሁኑ ውሸትም ይሁኑ ፡ እኛ በአምሮኣችን እውነት ናቸው ብለን ነው assume የምናደርገው። ስለዚህ ማስረጃዎቹ እውነት ናቸው። 📚 ታዲያ ማስረጃዎቹ እውነት ሁነው conclusion ኑ ውሸት የመሆን ዕድሉ ከፍተኛ ከሆነ Weak argument ይባላል። ምሳሌዎችን እንመልከት😋 🔶Example 1 Some film actresses are beautiful. Rosa is a film actress. Therefore, Rosa is probably a film actress. ተመልከቱ ይኸን ምሳሌ👆 Some film actresses are beautiful እና Rosa is a film actress የሚሉት premises ናቸው። ታዲያ እነዚህን ማስረጃዎች እውነት ናቸው ብለን assume እናደርጋለን። ስለዚህ እውነት ናቸው🤝። ከዛ ተመልከቱ😊 👉 አንዳንድ ሴት ፊልም ሰሪዎች ቆንጆ ናቸው። 👉 ሮዛ ፊልም ሰሪ ናት። 👉 ስለዚህ ሮዛ ቆንጆ ናት። ሮዛ ቆንጆ ናት የሚለው conclusion ውሸት የመሆን ዕድሉ ከፍተኛ ነው። እንዴት❓ እዚጋ በደንብ ተከታተሉኝ ውዶቼ🙌 ለምሳሌ በአለም ላይ 100 ሴት ፊልም ሰሪዎች ቢኖሩ ፡ ከ 100 ሴት ፊልም ሰሪዎች መካከል ሮዛ አንዷ ናት። ከ 100 ሴት ፊልም ሰሪዎች መካከል አንዳንዶቹ ለምሳሌ አስሩ(10) ቆንጆ ቢሆኑ። ሮዛ ከ አስሩ(10) ቆንጆ ፊልም ሰሪዎች መካከል የመሆን ዕድሏ ዝቅተኛ ነው። ምክንያቱም ቆንጆ የመሆን ዕድሏ 10/100 = 0.1 ቆንጆ ያለመሆን ዕድሏ 90/100= 0.9 0.9(ቆንጆ ያለመሆን ዕድሏ) is much greater than 0.1(ቆንጆ የመሆን ዕድሏ):: 😁 ስለዚህ ሮዛ ቆንጆ ናት የሚለው conclusion ውሸት የመሆን ዕድሉ ከፍተኛ ነው። ስለዚህ example 1 weak argument ነው ማለት ነው። 🔶 Example 2 Some British leaders were despotic. Therefore, the next leader will be probably despotic. 😊 Example 2 weak argument ነው። ምክንያቱም ካሁን በፊት ከነበሩት የእንግሊዝ መሪዎች መካከል ጥቂቶቹ ብቻ ናቸው አምባገነኖቹ። ስለዚህ ቀጣይ የሚመጣው መሪ አምባገነን የመሆን ዕድሉ ዝቅተኛ። ስለዚህ ቀጣይ የእንግሊዝ መሪ አምባገነን ይሆናል የሚለው conclcusion ውሸት የመሆን ━━━━━━━━━━━━ 📚 JOIN :@GTutorialclass JOIN :@GTutorialclass ━━━