𝑻𝒐𝒅𝒂𝒚’𝒔 𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 🩺

حاجات مهمة في carbohydrate ، بالتوفيق 🤏🏻🌷

Which is NON-reducing?

✰Maltose ❌ ✰Lactose ❌ ✰Sucrose ✅

Which is NOT digestible by vertebrates?

✰Starch ❌ ✰Glycogen ❌ ✰Chitin ✅

Major storage carbohydrate in plants?

✰Glycogen ❌ ✰Starch ✅

Major storage carbohydrate in animals?

✰Glycogen ✅ ✰Starch ❌

Plant cell wall?

✰Glycogen ❌ ✰Chitin ❌ ✰Cellulose ✅

Arthropod exoskeleton?

✰Cellulose ❌ ✰Chitin ✅

Fehling's positive result?

✰Blue ❌ ✰Green ❌ ✰White ❌ ✰Brick-red precipitate ✅

🔹 Glucose = Aldose

🔹 Fructose = Ketose

🔹 Glucose & Mannose → Epimers at C-2

🔹 Glucose & Galactose → Epimers at C-4

🔹 Glycosidic bond = bond between sugars

🔹 Glycogen:

Storage in animals Highly branched Many nonreducing ends One reducing end

🔹 Starch:

Storage in plants Amylose + Amylopectin

🔹 Cellulose:

β(1→4) Plant cell wall 10,000–15,000 glucose units

🔹 Chitin:

N-acetylglucosamine Arthropod exoskeleton Not digested by vertebrates

🔹 Peptidoglycan:

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

🔹 DNA → Deoxyribose

🔹 RNA → Ribose

🔹 Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (Non-reducing)

🔹 Lactose = Glucose + Galactose (Reducing)

🔹 Maltose = Glucose + Glucose (Reducing)

🔹 Fehling's test: Blue → Brick-red



Successful protein folding depends on:

★ pH ★ Ionic strength ★ Metal ion levels

Monomeric subunits in proteins are joined by

★Covalent bonds

Supramolecular complexes are mainly stabilized by

★Noncovalent interactions

Which is NOT a noncovalent interaction?

★Hydrogen bond ★Ionic interaction ★Hydrophobic interaction ★Peptide bond ✅ ★ Peptide bond

Saturated

12:0 Lauric 14:0 Myristic 16:0 Palmitic 18:0 Stearic

Unsaturated

16:1 Palmitoleic 18:1 Oleic 18:2 Linoleic 18:3 Linolenic 20:4 Arachidonic 24:1 Nervonic

Saturated fatty acids

contain no double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids

contain one or more double bonds

Most fatty acids

have an even number of carbon atoms

Unsaturated fatty acids

are more abundant in nature than saturated fatty acids.

بارك الله فيك 🤏🏻🌷🌷

نزلي في القناه في توصيل لعياده بيطريه لي طرابلس . نبي مركز عنايه للحيوانات. من الخاص جاوبوها لطفاً🤏🏻🌷

وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله بارك الله فيك 🤏🏻🌷

لديك رسالة مجهولة 💌 : الوقت : 12:30 PM السلام عليكم تقسيمة تفيدكم للتثبيت 🌟

هادم اكثر الحاجات يلي يلخبطوا في شيت vitamin ، موفقين 🤏🏻🌷