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Important anatomical terminology of movements
General Joint Movements
Flexion: A movement that decreases the joint angle between two bones or body parts.
Example: Bending your elbow or knee.
Extension: A movement that increases the joint angle, typically straightening a body part.
Example: Straightening your arm or leg out from a bent position.
Rotation: The turning of a body part around its long axis. It can be medial (inward) or lateral (outward).
Example: Turning your head from side to side to say "no".
Circumduction: A compound, circular movement where the far end of a limb moves in a circle while the joint end stays stationary. It combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Example: Moving your arm in a massive circle at the shoulder joint.
Midline Movements
Abduction: Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
Example: Raising your arms out to the sides like wings.
Adduction: Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
Example: Bringing your arms back down to rest against your sides.
Vertical Movements
Elevation: Movement of a structure in a superior (upward) direction.
Example: Shrugging your shoulders upward.
Depression: Movement of a structure in an inferior (downward) direction.
Example: Dropping your shoulders back down after a shrug.
Foot & Ankle Specific Movements
Inversion: Turning the foot so that the sole faces inward, toward the midline of the body.
Example: Tilting your ankle so you can look at a bug stuck to the bottom of your shoe.
Eversion: Turning the foot so that the sole faces outward, away from the midline of the body.
Example: Tilting the foot so your weight shifts heavily onto the inner edge of the foot.
Dorsiflexion: Bending the ankle joint so that the top of the foot moves upward toward the shin.
Example: Walking on your heels with your toes pointed up.
Plantar flexion: Bending the ankle joint so that the sole of the foot moves downward.
Example: Standing up on your tiptoes or pressing down on a car gas pedal.
Forearm Movements
Pronation: Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces downward or backward.
Example: Typing on a computer keyboard.
Supination: Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces upward or forward.
Example: Holding a bowl of soup in your hand.
Thumb Special Movements
Opposition: The movement that brings the tip of the thumb to touch the tip of another finger on the same hand.
Example: Pinching an object or making an "OK" sign with your hand.
Reposition: The movement that returns the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger.
Example: Flattening your hand back out after making a fist.
Jaw & Scapula Movements
Protraction: The forward (anterior) movement of a body part parallel to the ground.
Example: Jutting your lower jaw straight out to give yourself an underbite.
Retrusion (Retraction): The backward (posterior) movement of a body part parallel to the ground.
Example: Pulling your lower jaw straight back toward your neck.
Embryological & Tissue Formations
Invagination: The process of a surface or tissue layer folding inward to form a pocket, pouch, or cavity.
Example: Pressing your finger into a soft, deflated balloon. In biology, this occurs during early embryo development (gastrulation).
Evagination: The process of a surface or tissue layer turning inside out or protruding outward to form a bulge.
Example: Blowing into a glove so that the fingers pop outward.
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Important anatomical terminology of movements
General Joint Movements
Flexion: A movement that decreases the joint angle between two bones or body parts.
Example: Bending your elbow or knee.
Extension: A movement that increases the joint angle, typically straightening a body part.
Example: Straightening your arm or leg out from a bent position.
Rotation: The turning of a body part around its long axis. It can be medial (inward) or lateral (outward).
Example: Turning your head from side to side to say "no".
Circumduction: A compound, circular movement where the far end of a limb moves in a circle while the joint end stays stationary. It combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Example: Moving your arm in a massive circle at the shoulder joint.
Midline Movements
Abduction: Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
Example: Raising your arms out to the sides like wings.
Adduction: Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
Example: Bringing your arms back down to rest against your sides.
Vertical Movements
Elevation: Movement of a structure in a superior (upward) direction.
Example: Shrugging your shoulders upward.
Depression: Movement of a structure in an inferior (downward) direction.
Example: Dropping your shoulders back down after a shrug.
Foot & Ankle Specific Movements
Inversion: Turning the foot so that the sole faces inward, toward the midline of the body.
Example: Tilting your ankle so you can look at a bug stuck to the bottom of your shoe.
Eversion: Turning the foot so that the sole faces outward, away from the midline of the body.
Example: Tilting the foot so your weight shifts heavily onto the inner edge of the foot.
Dorsiflexion: Bending the ankle joint so that the top of the foot moves upward toward the shin.
Example: Walking on your heels with your toes pointed up.
Plantar flexion: Bending the ankle joint so that the sole of the foot moves downward.
Example: Standing up on your tiptoes or pressing down on a car gas pedal.
Forearm Movements
Pronation: Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces downward or backward.
Example: Typing on a computer keyboard.
Supination: Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces upward or forward.
Example: Holding a bowl of soup in your hand.
Thumb Special Movements
Opposition: The movement that brings the tip of the thumb to touch the tip of another finger on the same hand.
Example: Pinching an object or making an "OK" sign with your hand.
Reposition: The movement that returns the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger.
Example: Flattening your hand back out after making a fist.
Jaw & Scapula Movements
Protraction: The forward (anterior) movement of a body part parallel to the ground.
Example: Jutting your lower jaw straight out to give yourself an underbite.
Retrusion (Retraction): The backward (posterior) movement of a body part parallel to the ground.
Example: Pulling your lower jaw straight back toward your neck.
Embryological & Tissue Formations
Invagination: The process of a surface or tissue layer folding inward to form a pocket, pouch, or cavity.
Example: Pressing your finger into a soft, deflated balloon. In biology, this occurs during early embryo development (gastrulation).
Evagination: The process of a surface or tissue layer turning inside out or protruding outward to form a bulge.
Example: Blowing into a glove so that the fingers pop outward.
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